宁夏南部山区退耕还林后草畜产业发展探讨——以海原县为例

退耕还林政策对加强生态建设,优化农村产业结构,促进农村经济发展,推进西部大开发和全面建设小康社会具有重大的意义。文章在对宁夏南部山区退耕还林的情况实地调研的工作基础之上,通过对宁南山区、海原县草畜产业基础数据的比较分析和定量分析,建立草畜产业生产过程的灰色控制模型,找出草蓄产业发展的优势及存在的问题,提出海原县应加强政府管理、扶持龙头企业、延长产业链条、加大科技支撑等解决对策。     

稻水象甲幼虫发生程度对水稻生长发育及产量损失的影响

稻水象甲幼虫为害水稻根后,导致水稻植株矮缩、发黄、分蘖减少甚至死苗,造成水稻严重减产,本文对稻水象甲发生程度对水稻生长发育及产量损失的影响进行研究。     

杂交稻对稻瘟病和稻白叶枯病的抗性鉴定

对广东省将推广的54份杂交稻组合对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗病性进行了鉴定。对稻瘟病的抗病性鉴定表明:抗病组合共49个,占90.7%;其中,高抗(抗性比≥91%)组合30个,占55.6%。对稻白叶枯病的抗病性鉴定表明:没有高抗(HR)和抗(R)的组合,仅有一个杂交稻组合(西胜2175)表现为中抗(mR),仅占1.9%,其余53个组合都表现感病,占98.1%。进一步分析表明:对稻瘟病表现高抗的30个杂交稻组合都不抗白叶枯病,而中抗白叶枯病的杂交稻组合西胜2175对稻瘟病表现为中抗,抗性比为74%。     

水稻品种抗稻瘿蚊与主要农艺性状的关系

对水稻品种抗稻瘿蚊与主要农艺性状关系的研究结果表明,水稻品种抗稻瘿蚊与其分蘖力、始穗期、抽穗期、齐穗期、生育期、株高、有效穗、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重的相关均不显著。水稻品种抗稻瘿蚊与其主要农艺性状并无矛盾,在抗稻瘿蚊育种中可以选育出高产且抗性强的品种。     

两种氮肥用量对超级稻产量性状和病虫害发生的影响

以6个超级杂交稻组合为材料,初步研究了两种氮肥用量条件下对水稻产量性状和病虫害发生的影响。结果表明,施纯氮360 kg/hm²与施纯氮180 kg/hm²相比,水稻单位面积的有效穗数增加,单株的每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重下降,1 hm²稻田减产6.2%～10.3%。氮肥施用量过高,造成水稻生育后期稻纵卷叶螟、褐飞虱、水稻纹枯病和烟煤病危害加重,尤其是易引起腐生性煤炱菌的滋长。     

Molecular characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoma tracheiphila</Emphasis>, causal agent of Mal secco disease of citrus,in Israel

Mal secco disease of citrus caused by Phoma tracheiphila is a devastating disease in the Mediterranean basin. Susceptible citrus species include lemon, citron, lime and others. Trees attacked by the fungus show characteristic symptoms; the smallest twigs die first, followed by the larger branches. Eventually, the whole tree is killed. The symptoms are clear in the orchards but by the time they are visible the disease is already well established. The need for a sensitive, reliable and rapid diagnostic method for the early identification of the fungus in trees and fruit exists. We have developed a PCR-based method for the identification of P. tracheiphila from plant tissues including fruit. Any such method must take into account the genetic variability in the pathogen population. Molecular methods were used to compare different isolates of P. tracheiphila. This study found no significant differences between different isolates from different citrus species from different parts of Israel.     

Roles of stolbur phytoplasma and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Reptalus panzeri</Emphasis> (Cixiinae,Auchenorrhyncha) in the epidemiology of Maize redness in Serbia

Maize redness (MR), a disease causing midrib, leaf and stalk reddening and abnormal ear development in maize, has been reported from Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria for 50 years. Recent epiphytotics reduced yields by 40%–90% in southern Banat, Serbia. MR was recently associated with the presence of the stolbur phytoplasma, although the epidemiology of the disease remained unknown. Diseased fields in southern Banat were surveyed for potential vectors of the phytoplasma during 2005 and 2006, and high populations of Reptalus panzeri were found. In affected fields, 20% of the R. panzeri individuals and 85% of symptomatic maize plants carried the stolbur phytoplasma. When stolbur phytoplasma-infected R. panzeri were introduced into insect-free mesh cages containing healthy maize plants, midrib and leaf reddening developed on 48% of plants and stolbur phytoplasma was detected in 90% of the symptomatic plants. No symptoms or phytoplasma-positive plants were found in cages without insects. These data indicate that MR symptoms are associated with the stolbur phytoplasma. Reptalus panzeri is both abundant in affected fields and can transmit the stolbur phytoplasma, indicating the insect is likely to be a major vector of MR.     

秀山县治理稻飞虱的植保工作实践与思考

秀山县稻飞虱自20世纪60年代以来,上升为水稻最主要的害虫,成为全国稻飞虱常年重灾县之一。近年来通过深入研究和有效治理,其发生为害得到很好控制,形成重发生而最终造成的损失小。为此,笔者在总结治理经验的同时,对新时期稻飞虱的治理提出了建议。     

30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油对水稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果与技术

对30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油防治水稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)的田间效果进行了试验。结果表明:使用30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油防治水稻纵卷叶螟的杀虫效果均在71.7%以上,保叶效果高达83.8%。     

水稻白叶枯病菌毒素对水稻不育系珍汕97A的专化毒性

 采用乙酸乙酯法提取对珍汕97不育胞质具有专化毒性的白叶枯病菌AH28、GX50和非专化毒性的OS14菌株的毒素。以不同浓度的毒素处理珍汕97不育系和保持系的种子或幼苗,可引起水稻叶片褪绿和细胞坏死,产生与接种病菌相似的症状,在蚕豆叶片上形成过敏性坏死斑;毒素可导致水稻幼苗萎蔫、胚根胚芽生长受抑和根冠细胞死亡;毒素的毒性与毒素浓度和产毒素菌株的致病力成正比;专化性毒素AT对珍汕97不育系的毒害程度显著高于对保持系的毒害。