模拟酸雨作用下红壤中多环芳烃的释放及纵向迁移特征

以USEPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃为研究对象,通过酸雨的土柱淋溶试验模拟实际降水过程,分析了不同酸度的模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量的变化及不同性质多环芳烃在土柱中纵向迁移特征。研究结果表明:不同酸度模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量均较淋溶前减少,pH2.5酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃含量较淋溶前减小的幅度最大(52.08%),pH5.6酸雨淋溶后减小的幅度最小(21.55%);酸雨破坏土壤微结构,使土壤胶体分散,粘粒下移,与土壤粘粒结合在一起的多环芳烃也一起向下迁移,酸雨pH值越小,多环芳烃在土壤中的纵向迁移能力就越强;酸雨对土壤中不同性质多环芳烃的纵向迁移影响不同,对低环多环芳烃(环数≤4)的迁移影响较大,对高环多环芳烃(环数4)影响较小,主要是由于不同性质多环芳烃在土壤中结合的物质不同而引起的。该研究结果为了解酸雨作用下多环芳烃在土壤介质中的稳定性及其对地下水潜在污染的风险评价提供理论依据。     

四环素类抗生素在土壤和堆肥中的吸附和降解

Two agricultural soils were collected from Dahu and Pinchen counties and swine manure compost (SMC) from Ping-tung County in Taiwan, China to investigate the sorption and dissipation of three tetracyclines (TCs), i.e., oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC), in compost, soils and soil/compost mixtures with different organic carbon (OC) contents. There were seven treatments in total. TCs were most strongly adsorbed to SMC in all treatments due to the high OC content. When SMC was present in the soils, the sorption of TCs was significantly enhanced, which might be attributed to the increased OC content and CEC. The adsorption of TCs showed non-linear adsorption isotherms and fitted well to the Freundlich model. After 49 d of incubation at 25 ℃ in soils and soil/compost mixtures in the dark, TCs elapsed in all substrates, with the time required for 50% degradation (DT₅₀) between 20 and 41 d, and the time for 90% degradation (DT₉₀) between 68 and 137 d. Soil amended with compost enhanced the stability of TCs and reduced their mobility. The dissipation of TCs in a soil environment was slow, indicating that these compounds might be persistent in soil.     

稀土元素示踪坡面次降雨条件下的侵蚀过程

为定量研究次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀形态的演变过程,该文利用REE-INAA（稀土元素-中子活化分析）方法,将REE元素沿坡面垂直分层布设并结合室内模拟降雨试验,研究了次降雨条件下面蚀和细沟侵蚀的转变和动态发育过程。结果表明：降雨初期坡面主要发生面蚀,细沟出现后,坡面侵蚀将加快加剧,细沟侵蚀深度随之迅速增加。坡面侵蚀中面蚀量约占总侵蚀量的30%左右,细沟侵蚀量占70%左右。单位深度范围内最上层土壤侵蚀量最大,向下依次递减。可以将坡面侵蚀形态演变过程划分为面蚀、细沟发育和细沟稳定3个阶段,各阶段转化都有明显的拐点出现。因此,利用REE-INAA方法可以对土壤侵蚀演变过程进行较准确地定量研究。     

How well does a botanical garden collection of a rare palm capture the genetic variation in a wild population?

Conservation is increasingly central to the botanic garden mission. Living plant collections are important components of conservation. Critical evaluation of living conservation collections with population genetic analysis can directly inform ex situ conservation strategy. Here, we quantify the degree of genetic variation captured through a population-based collection protocol, and explore optimal sampling for ex situ conservation. An extensive living collection derived from one population of Leucothrinax morrisii (Arecaceae) provided a model system. We compared 58 specimens from the ex situ collection with 100 individuals from throughout the parent population via 6 ISSR loci. Random bootstrapped resamples of the data were made to model differently structured ex situ collections. Mean diversity (He) differed little between the collection (0.204) and the population (0.216), and genetic distance (D) was very close (0.036). Very few private alleles were found between the collection and the population. Allelic capture, as measured by percent of private alleles, was greater than 94%. Resampled collections of different sizes captured from 48% to 94% of alleles. Pairwise comparison of bootstrapped resamples suggests that increasing the representation of half-sibling groups does not significantly increase allele capture. Increase in allele capture with increasing sample size is greatest at low resample sizes, and showed diminishing returns as resample size increased. No appreciable increase in allele capture was gained through maintaining different half-sibling groups. These data inform sampling for ex situ conservation purposes, and recommend sample sizes of at least 15 individuals, with the upper limit based on resources.     

Plot-scale manipulations of organic matter inputs to soils correlate with shifts in microbial community composition in a lowland tropical rain forest

Little is known about the organisms responsible for decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems, or how variations in their relative abundance may influence soil carbon (C) cycling. Here, we altered organic matter in situ by manipulating both litter and throughfall inputs to tropical rain forest soils, and then used qPCR and error-corrected bar-coded pyrosequencing to investigate how the resulting changes in soil chemical properties affected microbial community structure. The plot-scale manipulations drove significant changes in microbial community composition: Acidobacteria were present in greater relative abundance in litter removal plots than in double-litter plots, while Alphaproteobacteria were found in higher relative abundance in double-litter and throughfall reduction plots than in control or litter removal plots. In addition, the bacterial:archaeal ratio was higher in double-litter than no-litter plots. The relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were positively correlated with microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N), and soil N and C pools, while acidobacterial relative abundance was negatively correlated with these same factors. Bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively correlated with soil moisture, total soil C and N, extractable ammonium pools, and soil C:N ratios. Additionally, bacterial:archaeal ratios were positively related to the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and negatively correlated to the relative abundance of Nitrospira and Acidobacteria. Together, our results support the copiotrophic/oligotrophic model of soil heterotrophic microbes suggested by Fierer et al. (2007).     

完善生态建设,构建城市和谐园林

随着＂生态园林＂理念的不断深入,人们对园林绿化的概念、内涵也提出了更高的要求,体现在各植物元素的和谐统一上。实现绿化生态效益的最大化要根据绿地周围的城市景观元素,更多地把绿地景观融入到整个城市环境中,使人工景观与自然景观更加自然地交融在一起,优化植物配置,张扬城市园林个性,做到人与自然和谐共处,用可持续发展观建设生态人居城市,构建和谐园林。     

我国园林植物病虫害的综合防治措施

针对园林植物病虫害严重影响城市绿化问题,结合园林植物病虫害的特点,对国内当前病虫害防治的化学、生物、物理机械、植物检疫以及园林技术措施五大方法的优缺点进行阐述,并提出我国园林病虫害防治的未来主要研究方向及发展趋势。     

天津滨海树木春植秋植效果分析

通过对天津滨海地区园林工程实践中数据的调查,比较了苗木春植与秋植的效果,明确了苗木秋植在园林工程建设中的重要作用,分析阐述了形成实际工作中秋植苗木成活率高于春植苗木成活率的原因,并提出了春植与秋植相结合的建议。     

衡水市常见园林植物的物候期观察

以衡水市园林植物为试材,通过连续2年的调查,观测了各园林植物的萌芽期、展叶期、开花期、果实发育期、叶片变色期和落叶期等物候变化.结果表明,衡水市的园林植物物候期分布较合理,从3月中旬开始一直持续到12月底,但花期过于集中,在植物的配置与栽培管理方面需要加强.2011年同2010年相比较,园林植物物候期存在明显提前的现象,大部分植物全年的物候期比2010年延长了15～30 d不等.在不同时期,植物表现出明显的种内与种间差异,这些差异数据可为园林绿化的树种选择、合理配置以及研究气候变化规律提供理论参考.     

庭园园艺——城市市区发展都市农业的最佳模式

庭园园艺经济是都市农业重要、不可少的一部分,特别是城市市区发展都市农业的最好模式,目前我国还普遍没有认识到这一点。经过对美国、德国、荷兰等一些国家庭园园艺业的考察以及查阅有关文献、资料,阐述了在城市市区如何发展庭园园艺业,及其可以带来的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。同时建议政府把发展庭园园艺经济融入到都市农业规划中。