Analysis of mesh breaking loads in cotton gill nets: Possible solution to ghost fishing

ABSTRACT:   A small number of fishers in Chiba Prefecture of eastern Japan use cotton gill nets to catch Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus. To examine the advantages of cotton gill nets, we analyzed changes in mesh breaking load of a new cotton gill net used in a fishing operation. A new cotton gill net was also soaked in a seawater tank to simulate ghost fishing conditions. The average mesh breaking load of new cotton mesh was 50.3 N. This value decreased to 19.0 N after 38 days (∼912 h), and after 82 days (∼1968 h) the mesh could be easily torn (breaking load 0.07 N). Under fishing conditions, the cumulative soak time was only 744.4 h over 19 months. The average breaking load at the end of this period was 43.1 N, a strength 86% that of the presoaked mesh. The mesh breaking load of a cotton gill net continuously soaked for 744.4 h was 26.1 N, as estimated from tank experiment data. Thus, a cotton gill net maintains reasonable strength under typical use conditions, but will degrade if lost at sea.     

袋栽香菇生长期间不同料层中木质纤维素的降解及有关酶活性的变化

本文研究了香菇生长过程菌袋中不同料层木质纤维素的降解及有关酶活性的变化。结果表明,在栽培结束时,菌袋中不同料层木质纤维素含量的差异不大;在整个栽培过程中,菌袋中不同料层羧甲基纤维素酶,半纤维素酶和漆酶活性的变化大致相同。就菌袋中不同料层木质纤维素的降解和利用而言,菌袋的中层和下层与上层相似。     

Perch (Perca fluviatilis) as an indicator species for structural degradation in regulated rivers and canals in the lowlands of Germany

Abstract— Simple morphological characteristics and fish assemblage data were collected in representative numbers from 12 inland waterways in the northeastern lowlands of Germany between 1992 and 1995. Fish abundance data were pooled and classified into three main groups: perch Perca fluviatilis (L.), roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) and other species. Spearman rank correlations between fish abundance and type of embankment revealed that perch showed a statistically significant numerical dominance in waterways consisting predominately of an artificial shoreline, suggesting that perch may be used as an indicator of the structural degradation of watercourses.     

高盐环境下Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系氧化降解效能研究

鉴于亚硫酸盐处理含Cr(VI)废水时会产生氧化性极强的硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基，使得亚硫酸盐的消耗量增加，为提高亚硫酸盐的利用率并将产生的活性自由基加以利用，选取了常见的偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7)作为目标有机污染物用以捕获产生的活性自由基，以达到含Cr(VI)废水和有机污染废水协同处理的目的。通过紫外可见吸收光谱法和显色法测定AO7、Cr(VI)和亚硫酸盐等各反应物的浓度变化，采用自由基捕获方法鉴定反应中的活性氧化物种。结果表明，Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系能够在降解AO7的同时，将Cr(VI)转化为Cr(III), S(IV)氧化为硫酸根离子。在[Na2SO3]0=0.5 mM、[Cr6+]0=0.1 mM、pH=3.0条件下，Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系对AO7的降解效果最好，反应60 min后，AO7降解率和Cr(VI)的还原率分别为86.1%和82.0%，且氯离子的加入几乎无影响。在反应体系中加入0.1 mM乙醇或叔丁醇后，AO7的降解受到不同程度影响，在Cl?= 0/300 mM条件下，AO7的降解率分别变为56.6%/71.7%和80.7%/81.5%，证明该体系中的主要氧化物为SO4?? 和?OH，且起主要作用的是SO4??。AO7降解实验、可吸附卤代物(AOX)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)结果表明，Cr(VI)/亚硫酸盐体系在高盐环境下能保持较高的降解效率，且不会增加氯代二次产物的生成，这种新型的氧化降解体系有望在高盐工业废水处理中得到应用。     

不同退化程度高寒草甸植物物种多样性与生态系统多功能性关系

为探究高寒草甸不同退化程度生态系统多功能性的变化,本研究综合考虑了植物物种多样性和多种生态系统功能如生产力、养分循环和固存能力、土壤涵养水分能力等,运用降维因子分析的方法计算了生态系统多功能性,综合分析了植物物种多样性与生态系统功能和多功能性间的关系。结果表明：高寒草甸退化显著降低了Margalef指数、Shannon-weiner指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数(P<0.05),各生态系统功能趋于恶化。高寒草甸退化导致生态系统多功能性的下降,综合统计量结果为轻度退化(21.9955)＞中度退化(8.7295)＞重度退化(—30.7245)。植物物种多样性与生态系统多功能性之间均存在正相关关系,其中Simpson指数与生态系统多功能性指数拟合的结果最好,说明高寒草甸生态系统多功能性受植物物种多样性的制约。本研究可为青藏高原草地退化及恢复的过程和机理研究提供理论依据。     

杨木爆破处理及制板的研究

用Ｉ－７２杨为原料，经高温高压爆破处理，处理后的杨木各化学组分发生变化，用不同的分析方法对各组分进行分析。在不加任何化学助剂的条件下，依靠自身化学组分的转化，对爆破处理过的试材，经热压制出刨花板。分析研究压板前后化学组成变化和板材物理力学性质，其结果为：①比较不同爆破条件下，同一种试样化学组成的变化，爆破条件越激烈，纤维素降解越显著，收获率超低；游离糖则相应增加；木质素含量先增加，然后降低；热水抽出物含量也是先增加，然后再降低。②扫描电镜观察爆破处理后的试样，纤维排列有变化，整齐的排列变为弯曲和分开。③经爆破处理的试样相对结晶度增加，结晶区增加。总之，爆破后的试材可压制出耐水性能好的刨花板。     

Agroforestry systems and soil surface management of a tropical alfisol:

Field runoff plots, 70 x 10 m each, were established on a tropical Alifisol in southwestern Nigeria to monitor water runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss in water runoff. The non-agroforestry control treatment (A) was established at two levels: plow-till and no-till systems of seedbed preparation. There were two agroforestry systems based on contour hedgerows of (B) Leucaena leucocephala and (C) Gliricidia sepium established at 4-m and 2-m spacings. Field plots were established in 1982 and hydrological measurements were made for uniform maize-cowpea rotation for 12 consecutive growing seasons from 1982 through 1987. Once established hedgerows of Leucaena at 2-m spacing were extremely effective in reducing water runoff and controlling erosion. Runoff, erosion and nutrient losses were generally more from maize grown in the first season than from cowpea grown in the second. Mean seasonal erosion from maize was 4.3, 0.10, 0.57, 0.10, 0.64 and 0.60 t/ha for plow-till, no-till, Leucaena-4m, Leucaena-2m, Gliricidia-2m treatments, respectively. Mean runoff in the first season from treatments listed in the order above was 17.0, 1.3, 4.9, 3.3, 4.3, and 2.4 percent of the rainfall received. There were high losses of Ca and K in water runoff from the plow-till treatment. In contrast to runoff and erosion, losses of bases in water runoff from agroforestry treatments were relatively high, high concentration of bases in runoff was probably due to nutrient recycling by the deep-rooted perennials.     

An “electronic nose” as a potential device for fire detection of forest product fire loads in enclosures

Abstract

Saving lives and properties are of primary importance in fire disasters. Unfortunately, current fire detectors are not fast enough to allow the detection of many fires, especially, at the smouldering stages. Some preliminary studies on laevoglucosan (LG), as an important product from cellulose degradation, have shown interesting properties and could be detected by devices classified as “electronic noses” (e-noses). In the present work, the mechanisms of pyrolysis of some ligno-cellulosic materials were investigated using thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and by a tube furnace with a view to determining the major degradation products from wood, white paper and cardboard samples. Additionally, an odour sensor, made of tin oxide semiconductor thin film, was employed to evaluate its sensitivity in detecting LG. It was found that LG can be readily found among the thermal degradation products of cellulosic materials in question, and that the metal oxide sensor employed was sufficiently sensitive in detecting its presence. Therefore, the work opens up the potential of using such a sensor as an “e-nose” for the early detection of fires stemming from forest product fire loads in storage places and in other enclosures.     

国内外水土流失与土壤退化现状及特点分析

土壤侵蚀是土地退化的主要原因,全球约有1 965.0万km2的面积受到各种形式土壤退化的影响,水土流失与土地退化给人类的可持续发展带来了巨大的压力。我国水土流失尤为严重,根据最新第2次水土流失遥感调查结果表明,全国现有的水土流失面积为356.0万km2。轻度水蚀区主要分布在东中部,中度水蚀区绝大部分在中西部,强度及以上的水蚀区主要在西部地区。严重的水土流失使生态环境不断恶化,加剧土地资源危机,已成为严重的社会问题。     

杉木人工林地力衰退研究概述

介绍了我国杉木人工林地力衰退的现状，从森林土壤条件、杉木人工林的营养循环特点和人为经营措施等方面分析了导致杉木人工林地力衰退的原因，提出营建人工复层林、林地施肥、适当延长轮伐期，加强植被管理和进行定位观测等措施防止地力衰退。