Effects of Natural Fallow and Pig Slurry Drip Irrigation on Phosphorus Accumulation and Fractionation in a Coastal Saline Soil

Organic inputs are believed to be able to increase soil phosphorus (P) availability. Natural fallow and pig slurry amendments are the two important organic inputs for agricultural soils. The purposes of the study are to investigate P accumulation and to compare the differences of P fractionation patterns as affected by natural fallow and pig slurry drip irrigation in a coastal saline soil. The study showed that P accumulation occurred mainly in upper soil profiles and that natural fallow or pig slurry drip irrigation alone would not significantly influence total P distribution in soil profiles. However, soil P fractionation demonstrated that, from bottom to top, bioavailable P content and percentage increased whereas residual P percentage declined. The percentage of extractable inorganic P was almost twice as much as that of extractable organic P. In comparison with natural fallow conditions, under pig slurry drip-irrigation conditions, the transformation efficiency of superphosphate fertilizer HCl P_i into residual P was lower whereas the transformation efficiency of superphosphate fertilizer HCl P_i into bioavailable P was higher. The higher bioavailable P percentage and lower average C_org/P ratio in a long-term pig slurry drip-irrigation plot than those in other plots indicated that long-term pig slurry drip-irrigation was more efficient in improving soil P availability than natural fallow and short-term pig slurry drip irrigation.     

The effects of applied crop residues on losses of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in run-off from a soil prone to crusting

Tillage practices may reduce the organic matter content in near-surface soil horizons causing crust formation. Surface conditions may cause an increase in surface run-off, thus enhancing contaminant transfer of heavy metals or an acceleration in nutrient loss. This study examines the effect of applying crop residues to the surface of tilled soils on heavy metal losses by run-off. Losses in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were analysed. Run-off and sediment yield were measured on 1 m² plots using a rainfall simulator with a constant 65 mm/h intensity. Four successive rainfall applications were performed, the first three at 25 mm each and the last at 65 mm. Added corn straw varied between 0 and 4 t/ha in the five studied treatments. After 140 mm cumulative rainfall, total heavy metal losses were as follows: Fe from 137 to 950 mg/L, Mn from 2.3 to 12.83 mg/L, Cu from 0.09 to 0.72 mg/L and Zn from 0.31 to 2.46 mg/L. Dissolved fractions were as follows: Fe from 0.014 to 0.229 mg/L, Mn from 0.034 to 1.45 mg/L, Cu from 0.002 to 0.013 mg/L and Zn from 0.02 to 0.12 mg/L. Total concentrations of the studied elements decreased exponentially due to the effect of corn straw on soil loss. However, dissolved contents of Fe and Cu scarcely varied. Significant positive linear correlations were observed between total heavy metal content and soil and sediment loss by run-off. It is concluded that the addition of straw to a soil of low fertility prevents heavy metal loss.     

覆盖对粘重土壤中苜蓿出苗的影响

紧实土壤降雨后常由于板结而严重影响作物出苗，导致建植不良乃至失败本实验采用遮阳膜覆盖、麦秸覆盖、不覆盖、土壤稳定剂４个表面处理和快速干燥、缓慢干燥２个干燥速度处理，研究芷蓉播后模拟降水条件一出苗情况，不同的覆盖及土壤处理条件下芷蓿出苗具有显著的处理效应，处理效应主要在出苗早期形成，遮阳膜覆盖比其他出苗显著要高；干燥速度地芷蓿出苗无影响。土壤剂和麦秸对苜蓿出苗的影响需要进一步的研究。     

秦椒田天敌的调查及利用

研究表明:秦椒田天敌有70佘种,主要14种。以蜘蛛、瓢虫、寄生性天敌、食虫蝽为天敌优势类群。各类群天敌在椒田的发生季节和数量不同,主要受地区差异、栽培方式、椒田化学农药使用量的影响。秦椒田天敌种群数量与害虫发生密度成正相关(γ=0.43～0.79),对秦椒田害虫有很强的控制作用。采用麦椒间套、挖窝诱蛛、插种玉米、花生以及合理使用化学农药,对保护椒田天敌效果显著。     

乌副盔蚧的生物学及其防治研究

乌副盔蚧Parasaissetia nigra(Nietner)是柑桔及许多园林植物的一种重要害虫,在广州一年发生8～9代,各代历期变化为28～66天。雌成虫产卵量为64～208粒,卵的孵化率高达95～100%。第1龄爬行若虫的出壳高峰在上午10时左右。该虫的种群数量秋季明显上升。调查得到寄生性和捕食性天敌共9种,5种寄生蜂中,以胶蚧红眼啮小蜂Tetrastichus purpureus和日本软蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus两种为最主要。杀虫剂试验表明,用2.5%溴氰菊酯1:2000倍液喷雾或以40%氧化乐果1:6倍液涂干可防治此虫。     

棉田种植诱集作物对天敌的保护及增殖作用

1987—1988年在河北省邯郸地区的试验结果表明,在棉田种植油菜及高粱诱集带,棉花主要害虫发生期内捕食性天敌数量比对照田增加25—51％;当棉田施用化学农药时,诱集带对保护天敌、促使捕食性天敌数量回升的效果明显。两种诱集作物综合种植的相互衔接,对保护、增殖天敌和控制害虫作用明显优于单一种植高粱诱集带。     

甜菜花叶病毒病研究之二——感病细胞超微结构观察

 对不同时期感染甜菜花叶病毒(BtMV)的叶片,进行病理变化系列观察。早期侵染(7天前)的细胞质、细胞器均无变化,随着症状发展,风轮状内含体、束状内含体、细胞核卫星体,细胞质泡囊化旁类似病毒的束状结构,20天达到了高峰,风轮状及束状内含体一直持续两个月还存在。田间样品也观察到了典型的风轮状及束状内含体。细胞核卫星体出现很少。侵染后期,细胞质减少,叶绿体比相应健株提前出现淀粉粒,噬锇颗粒等,基粒片层也提前消解,表现细胞提前衰老的特征。此外细胞内还有许多健株没有的泡状结构。一种为旁壁体,可能与细胞壁加厚有关;一种为多重泡体的叠加,可能是液泡的吞噬作用加强与外源物质(BtMV)侵入有关;另外还有一种可能是过氧化物酶体或线粒体在病毒诱导下泡囊化,其作用不清楚。     

美洲斑潜蝇与南美斑潜蝇的寄生蜂自然控害能力的调查

经对辽宁省岫岩蔬菜区美洲斑潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇的寄生蜂及其寄生情况的初步调查,结果表明,这两种斑潜蝇的寄生蜂有9种。其中优势种群有潜蝇姬小蜂和茧蜂科的种类3种以上。在蔬菜田不用杀虫剂的情况下,寄生蜂6月中旬后迅速上升,7月份对两种斑潜蝇的寄生率可达75%以上,对斑潜蝇种群具有明显的控制作用,可使夏、秋季田间两种斑潜蝇种群迅速下降,一般不需防治。     

柽柳有效天敌昆虫筛选标准的建立

参照前人对杂草天敌筛选标准、植物与昆虫互作理论和近年来对柽柳原产地主要天敌生物学特性的研究结果，制定出柽柳天敌遴选量化标准，共计10项特征，满分为47分。并以此对取食柽柳的12种天敌进行了筛选。柽柳条叶甲得分最高（43分），其次是斯氏伞锥象（41分），推荐这2种天敌昆虫作为首选天敌引入美国做进一步评价。