Analysis of green total factor productivity trend and its determinants for the countries along silk roads

In coping with increasing energy consumption and the consequential environmental pollution, green development is becoming an important part of social development. Since the inauguration of China’s Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative (BRI), economic cooperation between China and other countries along BRI has seen much growth. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the levels of green total factor productivity (GTFP) of the countries in the Silk Roads Economic Belt (B&R) and examine how these levels vary spatially and evolve temporally. In this paper, a panel regression analysis with DEA windows is used to study the spatiotemporal trends of the levels of GTFP. The results are: (1) The B&R countries have seen an increase in their overall levels of GTFP over time; (2) There are regional differences in the levels of GTFP, with higher efficiency in Western Asia and Central and Eastern Europe, and lower efficiency in Southeast and Central Asia; (3) The analysis of GTFP for countries in these regions shows that the efficiencies of most countries have been improving, with that of only a few countries have been decreasing; (4) By using regression analysis, we find that variables such as import, export, industrial structure, and urban affect the B&R countries with growing GTFP.     

土壤外源钴对大麦根伸长的毒害及其预测模型

选取我国11种不同性质的农田土壤，通过外源添加重金属钴（Co），研究其对大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）根伸长的毒性阈值及土壤性质对Co毒性的影响。结果发现，Co对大麦根伸长10%抑制效应（EC₁₀）在11种土壤中的变化范围为37.1~3 914 mg·kg^-1土（105.5倍），50%抑制效应（EC₅₀）的变化范围为166.1~6 030 mg·kg^-1土（36.3倍）。建立土壤性质与毒性阈值的回归方程，结果表明土壤pH是影响土壤Co毒性阈值最重要的因子，作为单因子时分别可以解释77.6%、72%的EC₁₀和EC₅₀的变异（P≤0.001）。当在EC₁₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和土壤黏粒（Clay）双因子时，可以解释83.9%的EC₁₀的变异（P<0.001），EC₅₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和总碳（TC）双因子时，可以解释86.1%的EC₅₀的变异（P<0.001）。将我国土壤中得到的Co毒性阈值预测模型和欧洲北美10种土壤的预测模型进行比较验证，结果发现基于我国土壤得到的预测模型可以较为准确地预测欧洲北美土壤中Co的大麦根伸长毒性阈值，但基于欧洲北美土壤的预测模型不能准确预测我国土壤中Co的毒性阈值。研究表明，我国土壤性质对Co毒性有显著的影响，基于土壤性质建立的预测模型可为土壤中Co生态风险评价提供参考依据。     

Multiple resistance of Papaver rhoeas L. to 2,4‐D and acetolactate synthase inhibitors in four European countries

The issue of cross‐ or multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors and the auxinic herbicide 2,4‐D was investigated in Papaver rhoeas L., a common and troublesome weed in winter cereals, in a broad‐scale study across four European countries. A combination of herbicide sensitivity bioassays and molecular assays targeting mutations involved in resistance was conducted on 27 populations of P. rhoeas originating from Greece (9), Italy (5), France (10) and Spain (3). Plants resistant to the field rate of 2,4‐D were observed in 25 of the 27 populations assayed, in frequencies ranging from 5% to 85%. Plants resistant to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides (sulfonylureas) were present in 24 of the 27 populations, in frequencies ranging from 4% to 100%. Plants resistant to 2,4‐D co‐occurred with plants resistant to sulfonylureas in 23 populations. In four of these, the probability of presence of plants with cross‐ or multiple resistance to 2,4‐D and sulfonylureas was higher than 0.5. ALS genotyping of plants from the field populations or of their progenies, identified ALS alleles carrying a mutation at codon Pro197 or Trp574 in 2,4‐D‐sensitive and in 2,4‐D‐resistant plants. The latter case confirmed multiple resistance to 2,4‐D and ALS inhibitors at the level of individual plants in all four countries investigated. This study is the first to identify individual plants with multiple resistance in P. rhoeas, an attribute rarely assessed in other weed species, but one with significant implications in designing chemical control strategies.     

三江平原水稻潜叶蝇发生规律及预测预报研究

研究旨在明确黑龙江省水稻主产区(三江平原)的水稻潜叶蝇的发生规律及影响水稻潜叶蝇发生的主要气象因子。试验从2006年开始连续10年在黑龙江省三江平原对水稻潜叶蝇的发生情况进行定点调查,收集水稻潜叶蝇发生时期的气象因子及第一代的虫口基数,采用通径分析及逐步回归的方法对6月末水稻潜叶蝇百株虫口数、气象因子及第一代虫口基数进行了研究,研究结果明确了第一代虫口基数及5月中旬的平均气温为影响水稻潜叶蝇的主要直接因子,而5月上旬的平均温度和5月下旬的平均温度是通过影响第一代虫口基数而间接影响了6月末的百株虫口数。通过逐步回归建立的短期预测模型Y=-150.012-1.432X_1+7.79X_4+0.17X_6+5.96X_7-0.121X_9-0.14X_(12)-0.09X_(15)+1.43X_(19)回归拟合效果好。可对黑龙江省三江平原水稻潜叶蝇的发生进行中短期预测。     

基于高光谱特征参数的冬小麦氮营养指数估算

为了实现快速高精度获取冬小麦氮营养指数的高光谱监测技术，利用美国SVC HR-1024I型野外光谱辐射仪对2017-2019年关中地区的冬小麦进行遥感监测，获取“三边”参数、任意两波段光谱指数和植被指数，通过相关性分析和逐步回归分析方法筛选冬小麦氮营养指数的敏感光谱参数，结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、随机森林算法(RFR)、支持向量机回归(SVR)和梯度增强回归(GBDT)建立冬小麦氮营养指数模型，并对模型估算精度进行验证。结果表明，从拔节期到灌浆期，各时期的氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数均呈极显著相关，其中拔节期氮营养指数与任意两波段光谱指数相关性均高于其他时期，且基于一阶导数光谱的归一化光谱指数和比值光谱指数与氮营养指数的相关系数最大，为0.66。拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数预测模型的决定系数(r²)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.96和0.05,模型验证的r²、RMSE和相对预测偏差(RPD)分别为0.95、0.12和2.12,模型预测精度最高。因此，拔节期基于梯度增强回归的冬小麦氮营养指数估算模型可用于冬小麦氮营养监测...     

农业分区框架下Hargreaves-Samani公式的逐月回归修正

为验证中国农业综合分区框架下Hargreaves-Samani(HS)公式线性回归修正方案的适用性,利用中国气象数据网发布的124个站点1957—2016年的逐月有效日平均气压、平均最低气温、平均最高气温、平均风速、平均水汽压、月总太阳辐射数据及站点经纬度数据,首先,分别基于Penman-Monteith(PM)公式和HS公式计算了各站点多年逐月的参考作物需水量ET_(0-PM)和ET_(0-HS)。然后,以ET_(0-PM)为真值,基于1957—2010年的逐月ET_(0-PM)和ET_(0-HS),利用线性回归分析方法获取了中国38个农业管理子区的HS公式校正系数a、b,并以2011—2016年为验证年份,通过比较ET_(0-HS)校正前后的相对误差变化,验证了HS公式线性回归校正方法在中国农业区的适用性,并结合验证年份的具体误差结果,确定了各农业区HS公式校正系数a、b的逐月最优取值。结果表明:大部分农业区的大部分月份ET_(0-PM)与ET_(0-HS)的相关系数超过0. 6,可以进行ET_(0-HS)的回归校正;回归校正得到的系数a存在显著的季节变化规律,系数b则表现较为平稳;系数a、b的大小及变化说明了ET_(0-PM)和ET_(0-HS)彼此之间存在差异,且季节性明显;校正前后的ET_(0-HS)均存在不同程度的相对误差,但校正后的ET_(0-HS)的误差范围已经显著缩小;在具体的验证应用中,校正后的ET_(0-HS)并不完全是最优结果,实践中系数a、b的优选使用才是最佳方案。本研究验证的HS公式线性回归校正方法是实践中简便、可行的方案,对大尺度区域快速获得较高精度的参考作物需水量具有实际意义和推广价值。     

Enhancing pedotransfer functions with environmental data for estimating bulk density and effective cation exchange capacity in a data‐sparse situation

Soil bulk density (BD) and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) are among the most important soil properties required for crop growth and environmental management. This study aimed to explore the combination of soil and environmental data in developing pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for BD and ECEC. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest model (RFM) were employed in developing PTFs using three different data sets: soil data (PTF‐1), environmental data (PTF‐2) and the combination of soil and environmental data (PTF‐3). In developing the PTFs, three depth increments were also considered: all depth, topsoil (<0.40 m) and subsoil (>0.40 m). Results showed that PTF‐3 (R²; 0.29–0.69) outperformed both PTF‐1 (R²; 0.11–0.18) and PTF‐2 (R²; 0.22–0.59) in BD estimation. However, for ECEC estimation, PTF‐3 (R²; 0.61–0.86) performed comparably as PTF‐1 (R²; 0.58–0.76) with both PTFs out‐performing PTF‐2 (R²; 0.30–0.71). Also, grouping of data into different soil depth increments improves the estimation of BD with PTFs (especially PTF‐2 and PTF‐3) performing better at subsoils than topsoils. Generally, the most important predictors of BD are sand, silt, elevation, rainfall, temperature for estimation at topsoil while EVI, elevation, temperature and clay are the most important BD predictors in the subsoil. Also, clay, sand, pH, rainfall and SOC are the most important predictors of ECEC in the topsoil while pH, sand, clay, temperature and rainfall are the most important predictors of ECEC in the subsoil. Findings are important for overcoming the challenges of building national soil databases for large‐scale modelling in most data‐sparse countries, especially in the sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA).     

海南岛日最低、最高气温空间插值研究

为探索适用于海南岛日最低、最高气温空间插值的方法,研究以经度、纬度、海拔、坡度、坡向、海陆距离、NDVI等为环境变量,采用多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)、地理加权回归(geographically weighted regression,GWRK)、多元线性回归克里格(multiple linear regression-Kiging,MLRK)和地理加权回归克里格(geographically weighted regression-Kriging,GWRK)等4种方法对海南岛2016年1月1日—6月30日的日最低、最高气温进行了插值。结果表明:4种方法对日最低气温插值的总的平均绝对误差:MLRGWRGWRKMLRK,但GWR、GWRK、MLRK对日最低气温插值的总的平均绝对误差十分接近,对日最高气温有相同的规律。MLRK对日最低、最高气温的总体平均绝对误差分别为0.50℃和0.73℃。GWRK、MLRK对逐日最低气温插值的平均绝对误差也十分接近,对日最高气温也有相同的规律。无论是对日最低气温还是对日最高气温,MLRK、GWRK插值空间分布的主要差异均在站点稀疏的山区。因此,在海南岛,宜采用多元回归克里格(MLRK)对日最低、最高气温进行空间插值。     

自然降水与太行山区玉米单产形成的关系——以武安市为例

为了研究太行山区降雨量对玉米单产的变化规律,指导玉米实际生产。本研究选择武安市降雨量和玉米单产为研究对象,采用散点图、建立线性方程、线性回归显著性分析等方法,通过统计、对比描述等方式,分析武安市降雨量对玉米单产的关系。结果表明,降雨与玉米的单产之间具有一定关系,且生育期降雨量对玉米单产具有显著性影响。(1)在490 mm降雨范围内,玉米的单产随着降雨量的增加而增加,大于490 mm降雨时,玉米的单产与降雨量负相关。(2)玉米的单产受7月和8月的降雨量影响显著,且降雨量约278 mm时,玉米的单产较大。     

绿道在城镇密集区的应用

在分析绿道理论作为线性廊道重组自然空间的基础上,以金堂公园东区为例,提出3种类型绿道的设计途径和方法,包括边缘区绿道、自行车骑游道及游步道,使金堂公园东区形成完善的绿道网络系统.绿道的交通组织、生态、文化、科普、健身、游憩等功能均得到相应体现.