Critical values of alternative organic amendments on kiwi seedling growth

The present research was conducted to explore the impact of alternative organic amendments on physicochemical properties of soil and their critical value for kiwi seedlings growth. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replications and 20 seedlings per replication. The highest pH (8.0) was recorded in T3 (compost + silt) and the highest electrical conductivity (EC) of 5.91 dS/m, organic matter (24.11%), organic carbon (13.99%), organic nitrogen (1.51%) were recorded in T8 (compost + peat moss (PM) + leaf manure) and the highest soil porosity (SP) (45.95%) and lowest bulk density (0.67) were recorded in T4 (PM + garden soil (GS)). EC higher than 1.99 and SP (45.95%) were found critical and adversely affected seedling survival. The highest plant height (103 and 93 cm), number of leaves (23 and 20), number of first-order lateral roots (NFLRM) (9 and 8.5), whole seedling fresh mass (75 and 72 g), fresh root mass (FRM) (35 and 35 g), shoot fresh mass (46 and 40 g), root collar diameter (RCD) (13 and 12 mm), and shoot diameter (10 and 9 mm) were recorded in T5 (compost + GS) and T7 (compost + PM + GS). Strong and positive correlations were observed among NFLRP, RFM, and RCD (R² = 0.89 and 0.96) and all the above-ground seedling traits (R² = 0.86–0.98). It is concluded that compost is a good soil amendment for producing good quality graftable kiwi seedlings and evaluation of seedling root system architecture could be used to predict the potential and success of seedlings in the field.     

丹江口库区典型小流域生物结皮驱动土壤性质变化及分离响应

为探究生物结皮发育驱动下土壤水蚀特征及机理,选取苔藓发育为优势种的退耕样地,设计5个盖度等级(1%～20%,20%～40%,40%～60%,60%～80%,80%～100%),以裸地为对照,在不同水流剪切力(6.12～19.64 Pa)下进行冲刷试验。结果表明：结皮发育显著影响土壤养分含量,且高盖度结皮覆盖下养分表聚效应更加明显。生物结皮发育显著影响土壤分离能力,裸地土壤分离能力[1.465 6 kg/(m²·s)]为生物结皮[0.004 2～0.468 2 kg/(m²·s)]的3.58～348.95倍,裸地细沟可蚀性(0.293 5 s/m)为生物结皮(0.001 0～0.082 2 s/m)的3.57～293.50倍。相对土壤分离能力及细沟可蚀性均随结皮盖度增加呈指数函数衰减,结皮冲破时间随结皮盖度增加呈指数函数增长;非线性回归分析表明,土壤分离能力可用水流剪切力、生物结皮盖度和土壤黏结力进行模拟(NSE=0.749)。综上,生物结皮发育显著提升土壤抗侵蚀性能,研究结果可为半湿润区水土流失防治及生物结皮管理利用提供理论参考。     

Potential mechanisms of soil nitrogen content heterogeneity associated with biocrust development in drylands

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are complex communities of micro- and macro-organisms dwelling at the soil surface in dryland regions worldwide, which contribute to important ecological functions in these areas. Biocrusts may reach different developmental stages, associated to autogenic succession of specific phototrophic organisms. However, notwithstanding the large amount of existing literature, little is known regarding the relationship between biocrust stages of development and soil nutrient dynamics. In this opinion paper, we specifically focused on soil nitrogen, and compared the total nitrogen content and potential nitrogenase activity of different developmental types of biocrust (-covered) soils. Based on published reports, we looked at a possible relationship between nitrogen content at the soil surface and biocrust development, discussing the potential mechanisms leading to the observed soil nitrogen content heterogeneity. The results showed that a higher nitrogen content remained associated to the presence of moss-dominated biocrusts, and this biocrust morphotype was characterized by a lower potential nitrogenase activity compared to the cyanobacteria- and/or lichen-dominated biocrusts. We hypothesized that these seemingly contradictory findings might be attributed to three potential mechanisms: nitrogen inheritance, nutrient retention and nutrient transfer, which we hereby examined one by one. Altogether, our opinion supports the theory of biocrust succession from incipient cyanobacteria-dominated stages to more ‘mature’ stages dominated by mosses. We stress how the heterogeneous distribution of soil nitrogen, which is closely related with biocrust development and community types, eventually affects regional and even global nitrogen dynamic and storage.     

祁连山东段高寒灌丛地被物与土壤的水文特征

The surface cover and soil hydrological characteristics of three alpine shrubs in eastern Qilian Mountains were studied in the report. The experimental alpine shrubs are Potentilla fruticosa shrub,Sali...     

十种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学观察

利用石蜡切片的方法 ,对十种藓类植物 ,钝叶蓑藓 (Macromitriumjaponicum Doz.et.Molk .)、疏齿墙藓〔 Tortulanorvegica(Web .)Wahl.exLindb .〕、岸生连轴藓〔 Schistidiumrivularis(Brid .)Podp .〕、树形疣灯藓〔Trachycystisussuriensis(MaacketRegel )T .Kop .〕、齿边缩叶藓〔 Ptychomitriumdentatum(Mitt.)Jaeg .〕、山羽藓〔 Abietinellaabietina(Hedw .)Fleisch〕、东亚万年藓 ( Climaciumjaponicum Lindb .)鼠尾藓〔 Myurocladamaximowiczii(Borszcz)SteeretSchof.〕、卷叶凤尾藓 (FissidensdubiusP .Beauv .)及二形凤尾藓 (FissidensgeminiflorusDoz .etMolk .)的茎横切面的解剖观察结果表明 :茎的形状、中轴细胞的有无、形状及所占的比例、外皮部厚壁细胞的层数等特征因种类不同而有明显差异 ,可以作为分类依据之一。外皮部厚壁细胞的层数可能与藓类植物的生境有关。     

干旱半干旱地区藓结皮人工培养研究进展

在干旱半干旱地区,以藓类植物为优势物种的生物结皮,在抗风蚀、水蚀及增强土壤肥力等方面发挥着重要的作用。近年来随着人们对干旱半干旱地区生态环境的重视,藓结皮人工培养及其在土壤沙漠化防控方面的应用备受关注。从藓类植物的繁殖生物学、生长发育特点、藓结皮形成的影响因素及后期维持能力等方面综述了藓结皮人工培养的研究现状及主要进展,研究表明在室内和野外环境可成功构建藓结皮,然而其后期维持能力较差;藓结皮形成影响因素的研究多于室内环境下完成,野外环境下影响因素研究少见。将室内和野外培养方法相互结合,快速有效的培养藓结皮,是未来研究的重点。     

Topographic differentiations of biological soil crusts and hydraulic properties in fixed sand dunes,Tengger Desert

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) play an important role in surface soil hydrology. Soils dominated with moss BSCs may have higher infiltration rates than those dominated with cyanobacteria or algal BSCs. However, it is unnown whether improved infiltration in moss BSCs is accompanied by an increase in soil hydraulic conductivity or water retention capacity. We investigated this question in the Tengger Desert, where a 43-year-old revegetation program has promoted the formation of two distinct types of BSCs along topographic positions, i.e. the moss-dominated BSCs on the interdune land and windward slopes of the fixed sand dunes, and the algal-dominated BSCs on the crest and leeward slopes. Soil water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity were measured using an indoor evaporation method and a field infiltration method. And the results were fitted to the van Genuchten–Mualem model. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities under greater water pressure(–0.01 MPa) and water retention capacities in the entire pressure head range were higher for both crust types than for bare sand. However, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities in the near-saturation range(–0.01 MPa) showed decreasing trends from bare sand to moss crusts and to algal crusts. Our data suggested that topographic differentiation of BSCs significantly affected not only soil water retention and hydraulic conductivities, but also the overall hydrology of the fixed sand dunes at a landscape scale, as seen in the reduction and spatial variability in deep soil water storage.     

太白山石生苔藓碳同位素分布特征及其环境指示意义

关于植物δ~(13)C值对海拔变化的响应特征及其机理的研究存在不同的认识,且很难找到一种出现在各个海拔高度的植物来减少种间出现的碳同位素分馏的差异。苔藓植物由于其结构相对简单,对环境变化的反应较为敏感,且随海拔梯度分布范围较广,因此,是一类良好的指示植物。通过对太白山南北坡不同海拔高度石生苔藓碳同位素组成(δ~(13)C)以及各环境因子和石生苔藓碳同位素随海拔关系的分析,结果显示:太白山南北坡石生苔藓δ~(13)C与海拔呈显著线性相关(南坡R2=0.45,P0.01;北坡R2=0.31,P0.01)。海拔每升高1 000 m,南北坡石生苔藓δ~(13)C值分别增加2.0‰和1.1‰。同时,大气CO_2浓度及其碳同位素组成、大气压、降水量、生物量等各因子对石生苔藓碳同位素组成记录的海拔效应影响较小,温度很可能是导致太白山石生苔藓δ~(13)C海拔效应的主要因素。     

中国药用苔藓植物研究的文献分析(Ⅰ)

为使我国药用苔藓植物的研究状况被人们更多的关注和了解,给苔藓植物研究者提供一些基础资料,对有关我国药用苔藓植物的各类著作进行了系统的整理、归纳和分析。结果表明,记载我国药用苔藓植物的专著、综述文献达30册(篇),多集中于对药用苔藓植物种类、药用功效等方面的报道,而对苔藓植物化学、新开发应用方面的研究报道相对较少。