Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Agriculture

Mitigation and adaptation are two principle strategies for managing human-induced climate change. Agriculture plays a duet role in climate change. It has been a major source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. It is also one of the sectors most vulnerable to the risks and impacts of global climate change. This paper first indentified the mitigative and adaptative options and potential in agriculture, then addressed the integrated analysis of mitigation and adaptation and its benefits for agriculture. Finally, it discussed the implications to Chinese agriculture in dealing with the global climate change.     

基于城市绿地与城市防灾减灾的探讨与研究

城市绿地在城市防灾减灾中占有十分重要位置,甚至是其他类型的城市空间不可替代的。通过对城市绿地与城市防灾的定义及其功能介绍,针对当前我国城市绿地与城市防灾减灾建设现状分析了差距与产生的原因,探讨了城市绿地与城市防灾减灾建设的途经及思路。     

Lime placement on subsoil as a strategy to reduce phosphorus leaching from agricultural soils

Leaching of phosphorus (P) from agricultural land is a major contributor to eutrophication of surface waters in many countries, and effective mitigation options to reduce P in leachate are needed. In this study, intact columns (0.77 m deep) of subsoil from three Swedish agricultural soils (one sand and two clay) were used to examine whether placing quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) on the subsoil could reduce P leaching over a 3‐yr period. Leaching of particulate P (PP) was significantly less from clay soil columns with lime than from clay soil columns without (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), with a relative reduction of 49 and 51% in the two soils. Leaching of dissolved reactive P (DRP) was less from sand columns with lime than from sand columns without, although not significantly so due to large variation in P leaching between columns. These results indicate that placement of lime on subsoil has potential to reduce P leaching, especially of PP from clay soils. However, more studies including both topsoil and subsoil and a range of soil types are needed to assess the full potential of this P mitigation option.     

海南岛主要气象灾害分析及防灾减灾对策

分析海南岛气象灾害发生的特征以及近年主要气象灾害发生的频率和所造成的损失,论证海南必须采取更积极的防灾减灾措施的必要性,并针对海南岛目前存在的问题提出防灾减灾对策。     

林业活动在吸收大气CO2与减缓全球变暖中的作用

森林生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组分 ,对全球气候变化有重要的贡献。介绍了吸收大气CO2 和减缓全球变暖的林业活动的主要形式 ,即保存现有碳、固定大气碳和替代碳排放 ,论述了全球和我国森林碳保存及其固定潜力 ,同时为这些林业活动的有效实施提出了建议     

我国农田土壤温室气体减排和有机碳固定的研究进展及展望

作为世界上最大的水稻生产国以及氮肥消耗国,我国农业生产过程排放了大量温室气体甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)。因此,减少农田土壤CH4和N2O排放以及提高土壤碳库储量(简称“固碳减排”)对于缓解全球气候变暖以及确保粮食安全至关重要。近20年来,我国在农田土壤固碳减排方面进行了大量研究,总结出了一系列行之有效的固碳减排措施。本文综述了我国目前针对农田土壤温室气体减排以及土壤有机碳固定的有效措施,并对未来农田土壤固碳减排方向进行了展望。     

南京地区大棚蔬菜生产的碳足迹调查分析

通过对南京郊区5种夏季大棚设施蔬菜生态系统的物质和管理投入进行现场问卷调查,分析估算了不同设施蔬菜各个生产环节投入的碳成本以及碳排放强度等.结果表明,不同设施蔬菜单季单位面积碳成本介于(867.1±240.6)～(2039.4±1 163.3)kgCE·hm-2,物质投入碳成本在整个生产投入中占极其重要的份额,其中肥料...     

Evaluation of origanum oil,hydrolysable tannins and tea saponin in mitigating ruminant methane: In vitro and in vivo methods

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of origanum oil (ORO), hydrolysable tannins (HYT) and tea saponin (TES) on methane (CH₄) emission, rumen fermentation, productive performance and gas exchange in sheep by using in vitro and in vivo methods. The ORO, HYT and TES additive levels were normalized per kg dry matter (DM) in both in vitro and in vivo experiments: ORO-0, 10, 20 and 40 ml/kg; HYT-0, 15, 30 and 60 g/kg; and TES-0, 15, 30 and 60 g/kg, respectively. During in vitro incubation, 40 ml/kg ORO linearly decreased CH₄ emission (p < 0.05); 20 and 40 ml/kg ORO cubically decreased carbon dioxide (CO₂) production (p < 0.05), and rumen pH was cubically raised with the increasing ORO additive level (p < 0.01). The 60 g/kg HYT cubically decreased CH₄ production (p < 0.05). The pH of 60 g/kg HYT was higher than that of 15 and 30 g/kg (p < 0.01); the pH of 20 g/kg TES was higher than that of 5 g/kg (p < 0.05). In the in vivo experiments, 40 ml/kg ORO inhibited dry matter intake (p < 0.01) cubically and reduced average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) cubically (p < 0.05), and 20 or 40 ml/kg ORO linearly decreased CH₄ production based on per day or metabolic weight (W^0.75) (p < 0.05). Both 30 and 60 g/kg HYT linearly inhibited CH₄ emission on the bases of per day and W^0.75 (p < 0.05). The 20 g/kg TES improved the apparent digestibility of crude protein (p < 0.05), 10 and 20 g/kg of TES decreased CH₄ emission (p < 0.05), and 5 g/kg of TES reduced O₂ consumption and CO₂ production (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these three plant extracts all showed the abilities on mitigating CH₄ emission of sheep with appropriate additive ranges.     

热应激对反刍动物营养物质消化、瘤胃发酵、甲烷生成的影响及缓解热应激的措施

热应激是影响动物生产的重要因素。正常的瘤胃功能是反刍动物健康生产的重要保证。了解热应激对瘤胃功能的影响,有利于针对性地采取营养措施缓解热应激造成的对反刍动物的不利影响。文章主要综述热应激对反刍动物营养物质消化、瘤胃发酵、甲烷生成的影响及缓解热应激的措施。     

城镇供水优化调度的减灾效益分析

从灾害经济学的角度探讨了城镇供水优化调度的必要性和可能性，认为在缺水不可避免的情况下，对供水进行优化调度可以减小缺水带来的损失，产生较好的减灾效益，特别是可以大大减小严重干旱的灾害效应。并根据水资源的特性，提出了缺水损失的计算模式以及优化调度的原则和方法。