Nutritional significance of amino acids,vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health – a comprehensive review

Nutraceuticals have gained immense importance in poultry science recently considering the nutritional and beneficial health effects of their constituents. Besides providing nutritional requirements to birds, nutraceuticals have beneficial pharmacological effects, for example, they help in establishing normal physiological health status, prevent diseases and thereby improve production performance. Nutraceuticals include amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, etc. which are important for preventing oxidative stress, regulating the immune response and maintaining normal physiological, biochemical and homeostatic mechanisms. Nutraceuticals help in supplying nutrients in balanced amounts for supporting the optimal growth performance in modern poultry flocks, and as a dietary supplement can reduce the use of antibiotics. The application of antibiotic growth enhancers in poultry leads to the propagation of antibiotic-resistant microbes and drug residues; therefore, they have been restricted in many countries. Thus, there is a demand for natural feed additives that lead to the same growth enhancement without affecting the health. Nutraceuticals substances have an essential role in the development of the animals’ normal physiological functions and in protecting them against infectious diseases. In this review, the uses of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as well as their mode of action in growth promotion and elevation of immune system are discussed.     

生物节律对动物生理营养及物质消化利用调控的研究进展

生物钟是生物的计时机制,是生物体内的一种无形的“时钟”。实际上是生物体生命活动的内在节律性,是由生物体内的时间结构序列所决定,使行为、生理和新陈代谢的内部循环与外界环境周期性同步。本文就生物节律系统、生物钟的调控基因、生物钟对营养生理代谢和消化器官的调控以及其在实际生产中的应用作一综述。     

Relationship between a plant-based ‘vegan’ pet food and clinical manifestation of multiple nutrient deficiencies in two cats

A topical subject in human nutrition is the steadily growing number of people choosing to limit or completely avoid all animal-derived food products either for moral dilemma, health concerns or both. To meet people's will of applying their dietary choices to their domestic animals, the pet food industry answered by launching on the market some plant-based diets. This leads to concerns about whether these diets are adequately formulated to satisfy the target species nutritional requirements, especially for cats which are still considered strict carnivores. This case report follows a 2-year-old male neutered Main Coon and a 1-year-old female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat, presented to the nutrition service of the University of Toulouse, France. Reason for consultation was lethargy with in anamnesis a recent dietary transition to a plant-based pet food. Dysorexia, lethargy and muscle waste were present at first consultation. Progressive weight loss developed during follow-ups. A macrocytic, non-regenerative anaemia with serum folates below reference were the main clinical features. Analysis of pet food showed multiple nutrients below minimum recommendation at the average daily intake of both cats. Folic acid supplementation improved dysorexia, and subsequent reintroduction of animal-derived ingredients in the diet restored appetite, weight and a normal mentation in both cases.     

钠水平及种类对肉鸡生长性能、胴体性状及血清矿物质水平的影响

文章旨在评估日粮钠水平及种类对肉鸡生长性能、胴体性状及血清矿物质水平的影响。试验选择平均初始体重一致的白羽肉仔鸡832只,随机分为8组,每组4个重复,每个重复26只鸡。试验日粮采用4×2因子设计,即日粮钠水平分别为1.5、2.4、3.3和4.2 g/kg,以小苏打和硫酸钠两种形式添加,试验共进行42 d。结果:1~10 d肉鸡的增重和采食量受钠盐水平及钠盐水平与种类交互作用的显著影响(P<0.05),在1~10 d时,硫酸钠组日增重和采食量最高(P<0.05)。同时,在整个试验期间(1~42 d),2.4 g/kg硫酸钠显著改善了增重(P<0.05)。随着钠水平的升高,血液pH表现为显著升高(P<0.05),硫酸钠组血液pH显著高于小苏打组(P<0.05),硫酸钠组腹脂占比较小苏打组显著提高2.23%(P<0.05)。4.2 g/kg钠水平组血清钠和钙浓度最高(P<0.05),3.3 g/kg钠水平组血清钾、氯和镁浓度最高(P<0.05)。与小苏打组相比,硫酸钠组血清钾水平显著降低0.33%(P<0.05),而血清钙浓度显著提高9.2%(P<0.05)。结论:日粮中钠以硫酸钠的形式添加2.4~3.3 g/kg可改善1~10 d肉鸡的生长性能,而在33~42 d时降低日粮钠水平可以使肉鸡获得最大的增重和采食量。     

鸽保健砂中主要矿物质元素含量及钙磷测定前处理方法的比较

为了解保健砂中主要矿物质元素的含量情况,试验采集了6省共11个地区的鸽保健砂产品,首先比较了用湿法消化、干法消化和酸溶解法对钙磷待测样品进行前处理的效果,分别按照GB/T 6436-2018和GB/T 6437-2018测定方法测定了样品中的Ca、P含量,接着采用GB/T 13885-2017方法测定了样品中Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn的含量。结果表明：Ca的测定３号样品干法较湿法消化结果高3.16%（P ＜ 0.05）,5号样品干法、酸溶解法较湿法消化结果分别低0.87%、2.16%（P ＜ 0.05）,三种方法中酸溶解法最适合对保健砂进行前处理|多数省（市）的保健砂样品均有较高含量的Ca,最高达到29.4%|P含量普遍严重偏低,8个样品的P含量都在0.05%以下,比其余样品的P含量低数十倍|钙磷比多数都在100以上,最高钙磷比达到792,保健砂中钙磷比例严重失衡|样品中Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn的含量分别为3387 ～ 22185、3.8 ～ 112.5、7.46 ～ 865.5 mg/kg和58.8 ～ 1401 mg/kg。由此可见,保健砂中各矿物质元素含量差异均极大,迄今没有统一的标准,质量问题不容忽视。 [关键词] 保健砂|矿物质元素|前处理|钙|磷     

Investigations of the maintenance system of the Konik Polski horse and its effects on fecal microbiota activity during the winter and summer seasons

Gastrointestinal microbiota play a key role in the nutrients digestion and hence maintaining animal health and welfare. The diet offered to the animals in captivity may differ considerably from that on natural pastures. In a stabled maintenance system, horses have a limited choice of habitat and feed. Time spend for feeding is relevant for equine welfare because the reduction of the time devoted for foraging may be responsible for inducing gastric inflammation and ulceration. Therefore, in the present study, it was hypothesized that fecal bacterial fermentative processes differ between free-roaming and stabled Konik Polski Horses (KPHs) with respect to microbial enzymatic activity, and thus the fecal concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which can be further utilized for assessing the feeding behavior and welfare in free-roaming versus stabled horses. The SCFA concentration and profile, as well as the extracellular and intracellular activities of selected bacterial enzymes, were characterized in horse feces collected during the winter and summer feeding seasons. The results showed higher enzymatic activity and SCFA production in the feces excreted by free-roaming versus stabled horses, especially during summer. An increase in pasture plant diversity may be beneficial for the gastrointestinal microbiota and hence for maintaining health and welfare.     

蛋鸡不同阶段营养调控

蛋鸡养殖期间不同生长发育阶段的营养需求有所差异,为更好地满足不同阶段蛋鸡的生长需求,应对饲料配方做出动态化调整,加强营养调控技术的研究。通过对饲料配方进行科学调整,能保证营养供给更加充足,更加均衡满足蛋鸡生长需求,保证蛋鸡健康生长,减少饲料成本,提高饲料利用效率。该文主要论述蛋鸡在不同生长阶段的营养调控技术,并提出完善蛋鸡营养调控技术的措施。