金花茶多糖的凝集反应特性初探

采用比色法分析比较了金花茶多糖与蓖麻凝集素、伴刀豆凝集素等凝集素的凝集反应特性.结果显示,不同凝集素均能与金花茶多糖发生凝集反应,但凝集反应程度有明显差异.特异结合糖残基为半乳糖的蓖麻凝集素与金花茶多糖的凝集反应效果最显著,而特异结合糖残基同样为半乳糖或其衍生物的海红豆凝集素、欧卫矛凝集素、怀槐凝集素和花生凝集素的凝集反应程度则比较弱.当金花茶多糖浓度上升至6.59 mg/mL时,蓖麻凝集素的凝集反应是其他凝集素的6～10倍.另一方面,特异结合糖残基为甘露糖的伴刀豆凝集素与金花茶多糖虽然有类似的凝集反应特征,但是其凝集反应程度明显弱于蓖麻凝集素.从以上结果推测,凝集素的分子形态对金花茶多糖的凝集反应有显著影响.     

植烟土壤肥力因子与根际微生物数量的相关性

检测了四川省凉山州会理烟区土壤肥力及根际微生物数量,研究了两者之间的相关关系.利用多因子及互作项逐步回归方法得到肥力因子与微生物数量的回归方程.偏相关和通径分析结果表明:在烟草的团棵期,碱解氮与速效钾的正互作效应以及有效磷与pH的正互作效应与细菌数量呈正相关;旺长期,细菌数量与pH无显著相关性,与碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质的含量均呈显著相关;成熟期,碱解氮与细菌数量呈显著正相关.团棵期,有效磷与pH的正互作效应以及有机质与pH的正互作效应与真菌含量呈正相关;成熟期,碱解氮与真菌含量呈显著正相关性.不同时期的放线菌含量与有机质、pH以及有效磷具有相关性.说明在烟草的不同生长期,各种微生物数量与肥力因子的关系各不相同;同一生长期,不同种微生物量与肥力因子的关系也有很大差异.     

微生物催腐剂对小麦秸秆的催腐效果

通过培养箱接种试验比较了6种微生物催腐剂对小麦秸杆的降解效果.结果表明,各催腐剂处理均能显著促进小麦秸杆的降解(P＜0.05),其中经哈茨木霉处理的小麦秸杆降解率最高(20.81％),广宇生物腐熟剂处理的小麦秸杆降解率最低(10.84％).催腐剂发酵培养后产生的水溶物比率以巨景土壤调节剂为最高(12.81％),而发酵培养后产生的中性洗涤剂溶解物比率以人元秸秆快腐剂为最高(13.29％),巨景土壤调节剂产生的水溶物与中性洗涤剂溶解物之和最高(25.90％);所有微生物催腐剂处理后秸杆中的可溶性糖含量均出现显著下降(P＜0.05),下降幅度为对照的为25.2％(阿姆斯秸秆腐熟剂)～46.6％(巨景土壤调节剂);所有微生物催腐剂处理后秸杆中的可溶性蛋白含量均显著上升(P＜0.05),上升幅度为对照的6.6倍(巨景土壤调节剂)～10.6倍(哈茨木霉),所有微生物催腐剂处理后秸杆中的离子含量也有显著增加(P＜0.05).综合秸杆降解率和发酵培养后产生的可利用营养物质比率分析,巨景土壤调节剂和人元秸秆快腐剂是小麦秸杆有氧发酵培养较好的微生物催腐剂.     

施肥对板栗林地土壤N2O通量动态变化的影响

2011年6月-2012年6月期间, 在浙江省临安市典型板栗林地进行施肥对土壤N₂O通量变化影响的试验研究。目的在于探明不同施肥处理下板栗林地土壤N₂O通量的动态变化规律,并探讨土壤N₂O通量和土壤环境因子之间的关系。试验设置4个处理:对照(不施肥)、无机肥、有机肥、有机无机混合肥。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了板栗林地土壤N₂O通量,并测定了土壤温度、水分、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量。结果表明:板栗林土壤N₂O通量呈显著季节性变化,最大值出现在夏季,最小值出现在冬季;而且,施肥处理显著提高土壤N₂O年均通量和年累积量;在整个试验期间,无机肥、有机肥和有机无机混合肥处理下土壤N₂O的排放系数分别达到0.96%、1.45%和1.29%。此外,施肥也显著增加了土壤WSOC和MBC的含量(P < 0.05)。不同施肥处理条件下,土壤N₂O通量与土壤5 cm处温度、WSOC含量间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),但与MBC含量之间的相关性不显著。土壤N₂O排放与土壤含水量间除对照处理外均没有显著相关性。综上所述,施肥引起土壤WSOC含量的增加可能是施肥增加板栗林地土壤N₂O排放速率的主要原因之一。     

盐胁迫下配施钙肥对花生根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为了解不同生育时期盐胁迫下基施钙肥花生根际土壤微生物群落结构变化,以期通过改良盐碱土壤根际微生物环境来提高植物胁迫耐受性。采用盆栽试验设置不同盐胁迫强度及基施钙肥处理,以花生不同生育时期根际土壤为研究对象,通过构建细菌16S rRNA基因文库和高通量测序技术进行测序,并对测序结果进行生物信息学分析。结果表明：各处理土壤样本细菌物种多样性高且分布均匀,盐胁迫可提高花生根际微生物群落相对丰富度和多样性,并与生育时期有关;盐胁迫、生育时期和外源施钙各处理样本的优势菌纲、优势菌科及优势菌种相同,其优势菌纲均为放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、γ-变形杆菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）、疣微菌纲（Verrucomicrobiae）、Saccharimonadia、芽单胞菌纲（Gemmatimonadetes）、拟杆菌纲（Bacteroidia）和酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteriia）等8种,优势菌科有norank_o__Saccharimonadales、鞘脂单胞菌科（Sphingo monadaceae）、芽单胞菌科(Gemmatimona daceae)、伯克氏菌科(Burkhold eriaceae)和norank_o__Gaiellales菌科等;盐胁迫和基施钙肥处理均能显著提高γ-变形杆菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）和疣微菌纲（Verrucomicrobiae）丰度,并随生育时期的延长和盐胁迫强度增大更为明显,高盐胁迫下花针期和收获期两菌纲丰度分别是其对照的1.2、1.8倍和1.6、1.5倍,但盐胁迫下基施钙肥处理可使放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、Saccharimonadia菌纲相对丰度明显降低,并随盐胁迫强度提高相对丰度降幅明显,且开花下针期降幅较大;噬几丁质菌科（Chitinophagaceae）和丰佑菌科（Opitutaceae）的相对丰度受盐胁迫强度和生长阶段影响显著,并随盐胁迫强度升高而显著提高;生长盛期和基施钙肥处理的氨基酸代谢、能量代谢、辅助因子和维生素的代谢和核苷酸代谢等功能基因相对丰度显著提高;盐胁迫严重抑制花生籽仁发育,产量明显降低,高盐胁迫使荚果产量降低40%～50%。     

植物—土壤微生物反馈在草地演替过程中的作用机制

植物土壤反馈影响生态系统结构、功能及过程,推动植物群落组成的变化,对解释植物群落的演替进程和方向、维持植物群落多样性和稳定性有着重要意义,已成为近年生物学和生态学研究热点.植物—土壤微生物反馈是植物—土壤反馈的重要组成部分.重点综述植物—土壤微生物反馈在植物群落演替过程中的作用机制,简要指出目前研究中存在的不足,并对未...     

Functional Diversity and Size of Soil Microbial Communities Induced by Different Land Management Systems

Abstract

Soil microorganisms drive nutrients cycling to a great extent, and they play an essential role in maintaining a stable soil ecosystem and ensuring sustainable forestry development. Land management has been proven to be a real factor in influencing soil quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different land management techniques on soil microbial communities. There were four types of land management systems selected for this study: natural masson pine, Phyllostachy pubescens, Phyllostachys praecox, and vegetable. Soils were sampled from these four systems and assayed for soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), community level substrate utilization pattern, functional diversity, and principle component analysis. Values of MBC were significantly different (P<0.05) from one another in the order of masson pine>Phyllostachy pubescens>Phyllostachys Praecox>vegetable. Analysis of community level substrate utilization pattern indicated that carbon source utilization and total activity by soil microorganisms were greater under the masson pine system than the other three systems (P<0.01). The functional diversities of soil microbial communities characterized as Shannon and McIntosh indexes were much richer in soil under masson pine system; Shannon index was 4.483, 4.241, 4.224, and 3.938 and McIntosh index was 13.51, 7.332, 6.272, and 6.261 for natural masson pine, Phyllostachy pubescens. Phyllostachys praecox, and vegetable systems, respectively. The results from the principle components analysis (PCA), based on the data of optical density (OD) at 120 h of incubation, showed that the value of the first principal component (PC1) of soil for natural masson pine was greater (P<0.05) than those for the other three systems. The difference in scores of the second principal component (PC2) between Phyllostachy pubescens, Phyllostachys praecox, and vegetable were not statistically different. The size and activity of soil microbial communities generally decreased with soil depth, with significant differences in soil MBC, community level substrate utilization pattern, and functional diversity indexes found between A and C horizons (P<0.01). It was concluded that land management systems had a great influence on soil microbial biomass, activity, and functional diversity.     

Estimating Soil Carbon,Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Mineralization from Short‐Term Carbon Dioxide Respiration

The measurement of soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) respiration is a means to gauge biological soil fertility. Test methods for respiration employed in the laboratory vary somewhat, and to date the equipment and labor required have limited more widespread adoption of such methodologies. A new method to measure soil respiration was tested along with the traditional alkali trap and titration method. The new method involves the Solvita gel system, which was originally designed for CO₂ respiration from compost but has been applied in this research to soils with treatments of increasing dairy manure compost. The objectives of this research are to (1) examine the relationship between the CO₂ release after 1 day of incubation from soils amended with dairy manure compost that have been dried and rewetted as determined using the titration method and the Solvita gel system, and (2) compare water‐soluble organic nitrogen (N), as well as carbon (C), N, and phosphorus (P) mineralization after 28 days of incubation with 1‐day CO₂ release from the titration method and Solvita gel system. One‐day CO₂ from both titration and the Solvita gel system were highly correlated with cumulative 28‐day CO₂ as well as the basal rate from 7–28 days of incubation. Both methods were also highly correlated with 28‐day N and P mineralization as well as the initial water‐extractable organic N and C concentration.

The data suggest that the Solvita gel system for soil CO₂ analysis could be a simple and easily used method to quantify soil microbial activity and possibly provide an estimate of potential mineralizable N and P. Once standardized soil sampling and laboratory analysis protocols are established, the Solvita method could be easily adapted to commercial soil testing laboratories as an index of soil microbial activity.     

Long-Term Cultivation Effects on Biological C and N Fractions in a Fluvaquentic Haplustolls of Semi-arid Region of the Northern Turkey

Conversion of a native ecosystem can impact the nature and dynamics of organic carbon (C) fractions. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of cultivation and monoculture wheat production on soil organic C and biological C fractions compared to a previously flooded native pasture in northern Turkey. Soil samples were collected from four randomly selected locations of each management system. Some soil chemical [pH, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), total nitrogen (N), and organic C], physical (sand, clay, and silt), and biological properties [microbial biomass carbon (MBC), mineralizable C, and mineralizable N] were measured. Conversion of pasture to cultivated land slightly increased soil pH, but CaCO₃, total organic C (TOC), and N contents were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with cultivation. Total organic C and N contents were more than three times less in cultivated soils compared to pasture. Microbial biomass C was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with long-term cultivation, and the greater seasonal fluctuations were measured at the surface of both ecosystems. The greatest level of potentially mineralizable C was observed in the pasture rather than the cultivated soil, but the proportional distribution of mineralized C to TOC was greater in the cultivated soil. These results suggested that the long-term cultivation (15 years) of previously flooded native ecosystems increased C mineralization and resulted in 72% C loss at the surface soil. Cultivated soils have a greater potential to restore atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) if proper cultivation and management systems are used.     

Changes in Soil Properties and Microbial Indices across Various Management Sites in the Mountain Environments of Azad Jammu and Kashmir

The mountainous region of the Himalayas is covered with forest, grassland, and arable land, but the variation in ecosystem functions has not been fully explored because of the lack of available data. This study appraises the changes in soil properties over the course of a year (spring, summer, autumn, winter) for forest, grassland, and arable soils in a typical hilly and mountainous region of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Soil samples were collected from major land-cover types in the mountain region: natural forest, grassland, and cultivated land (arable). The natural forest served as a control against which changes in soil properties resulting from removal of natural vegetation and cultivation of soil were assessed. Soil samples were collected from depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm six times during the year and examined for changes in temperature, moisture, electrical conductivity (EC), micronutrients [iron, manganese, copper, and zinc (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, respectively)], and microbial population. Significant differences were found in soil temperature, soil moisture, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and number of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi among the three land-cover types. Soil under cultivation had 4–5 °C higher temperature and 3–6% lower moisture than the adjacent soils under grassland and forest. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of forest, grassland, and arable soil were 0.36, 0.30, and 0.31 dS m^?1, indicating that soil collected from the forest had 18–20% more EC than the adjacent arable and grassland soils. On average, amounts of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the soil collected from the arable site were 6.6, 5.7, 1.7, and 0.8 mg kg^?1, compared with 24.0, 12.1, 3.5, and 1.2 mg kg^?1 soil in the forest soil, showing that arable had two to four times less micronutrients than grassland and forest. Populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in the forest were 22.3 (10⁵), 8.2 (10⁵), and 2.5 (10³), respectively, while arable land exhibited 8.2 (10⁵), 3.2 (10⁵), and 0.87 (10³). Season (temperature) and depth showed significant effects on microbial activity and nutrient concentration, and both decreased significantly in winter and in the subsurface layer of 15?30 cm. Different contents of the parameters among arable, grassland, and forest soils indicated an extractive effect of cultivation and agricultural practices on soil. Natural vegetation appeared to be a main contributor to soil quality as it maintained the moisture content and increased the nutrient status and microbial growth of soil. Therefore, it is important to sustain high-altitude ecosystems and reinstate the degraded lands in the mountain region.