不同泌乳水平奶牛瘤胃发酵及血清代谢差异的研究

本试验通过研究不同泌乳水平奶牛在瘤胃发酵和血清代谢上的差异,从消化和代谢的角度解释不同泌乳水平奶牛的泌乳合成机制差异,为提高奶牛的生产性能提供理论依据。试验采用随机区组设计,选择24头体况良好、体重[(648.50±68.65)kg]、胎次[(2.64±0.70)胎]相近的泌乳中期[(182.0±31.5)d]荷斯坦奶牛,按产奶量分为高产组[(41.7±4.8)kg/d]和低产组[(24.1±3.9)kg/d],各12头,在相同的饲养管理条件下饲喂相同的全混合日粮。分别用乳成分分析仪、酶免法、比色法和气相色谱法对乳成分、血清代谢指标及瘤胃发酵参数进行测定。结果表明:1)高产组奶牛乳成分中乳蛋白、乳脂和乳糖含量极显著高于低产组(P<0.01),乳总固形物含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05),而乳蛋白率极显著低于低产组(P<0.01);2)高产组奶牛瘤胃中总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸及丁酸含量极显著高于低产组(P<0.01),乙酸含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05);3)高产组奶牛血清能量代谢指标葡萄糖(GLU)和甘油三酯(TG)含量极显著低于低产组(P<0.01),非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著低于低产组(P<0.05),β-羟丁酸(BHBA)含量极显著高于低产组(P<0.01);抗氧化指标血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05),总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著低于低产组(P<0.05);免疫指标血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量极显著低于低产组(P<0.01),免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量显著低于低产组(P<0.05),而免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05)。综上所述,高、低产奶牛在瘤胃发酵及血清代谢指标方面存在显著性差异。     

北京地区泌乳牛夏季鼓膜温度昼夜节律及影响因素研究

【目的】 试验旨在揭示北京地区荷斯坦泌乳牛鼓膜温度的群体特征及其随昼夜和环境温湿度指数（temperature-humidity index,THI）的变化规律,探究中度热应激下泌乳牛鼓膜温度的影响因素及其与直肠温度的关系。【方法】 2021年8月对北京地区某规模化牧场638头荷斯坦泌乳牛的鼓膜温度、直肠温度及环境温湿度进行测定,并对其进行描述性统计;对161头荷斯坦泌乳牛6 h鼓膜温度和直肠温度进行相关性分析;利用混合线性模型分析THI、测定时间、胎次、泌乳阶段和繁殖状态等因素对鼓膜温度和直肠温度的影响。【结果】 北京地区荷斯坦泌乳牛夏季鼓膜平均温度为（39.01±0.40）℃;测定时间内THI为76.11~83.18,此时泌乳牛处于中度热应激。泌乳牛鼓膜温度昼夜变化较大,昼夜节律表现为上午低、下午和傍晚均较高且在早晨和下午出现不正常峰值,鼓膜温度的变化滞后于THI变化。鼓膜温度与直肠温度呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05,r＝0.35）,且两种体温均随着THI的升高而升高,回归系数分别为0.09（P<0.05,R²=0.09）和0.10（P<0.05,R²=0.08）。测定时间和胎次对泌乳牛鼓膜温度有显著影响（P<0.05）,胎次和泌乳阶段对泌乳牛直肠温度有显著影响（P<0.05）,且THI对两部位温度的回归均显著（P<0.05）。【结论】 本研究揭示了奶牛体温的节律变化和影响因素,鼓膜温度可有效反映奶牛实时体温,可为精细化管理牛群提供理论依据。     

白花败酱繁育技术初步研究

采用种子繁殖、扦插繁殖和分株繁殖试验对白花败酱的繁殖技术进行研究。结果表明：上述三种方式的繁殖效果均表现良好，其中分株繁殖苗成活率近100％，且长势良好，见效最快；老枝和嫩枝在大棚内和露地的扦插成活率均在80％以上；种子发芽率虽较低，播种繁殖仍是一种较好的方法。白花败酱适应性强，适于人工繁育栽培。     

Genetic parameters for litter size,piglet growth and sow's early growth and body composition in the Chinese–European line Tai Zumu

Genetics of piglet growth in association with sow's early growth and body composition were estimated in the Tai Zumu line. Piglet and sow's litter growth traits were calculated from individual weights collected at birth and at 3 weeks of age. Sow's litter traits included the number of piglets born alive (NBA), the mean piglet weight (MW) and the standard deviation of weights within the litter (SDW). Sow's early growth was measured by the age at 100 kg (A₁₀₀), and body composition included backfat thickness (BF₁₀₀). A main objective of this study was to estimate separately the direct genetic effect (d) and the maternal genetic effect (m) on piglet weight and daily weight gain during lactation. Variance components were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood methodology based on animal models. The heritability estimates were 0.19 for NBA, 0.15 and 0.26 for SDW and MW at 3 weeks and 0.42 and 0.70 for A₁₀₀ and BF₁₀₀. The NBA was almost independent from SDW. Conversely, the A₁₀₀ and BF₁₀₀ were correlated unfavourably with SDW (r_g<−0.24, SE<0.12). A stronger selection for litter size should have little effect on litter homogeneity in weights. Selection for lean growth rate tends to favour heterogeneity in weights. The direct effect on piglet weight at birth and daily weight gain accounted for 12% (h² (d) = 0.02) and 50% (h² (d) = 0.11) of the genetic variance, respectively. The association between d and m for piglet weight was not different from zero at birth (r_g = 0.19, SE = 0.27), but a strong antagonism between d and m for daily weight gain from birth to 3 weeks was found (r_g = −0.41, SE = 0.17). Substantial direct and maternal genetic effects influenced piglet growth until weaning in opposite way.     

Osteomalacia as a result of phosphorus deficiency in beef cattle grazing subtropical native pastures in Uruguay

We investigated 2 outbreaks of osteomalacia as a result of phosphorus (P) deficiency in herds of lactating beef cows grazing subtropical native pastures in Uruguay. Cows exhibited pica, difficulty to stand and walk, rib fractures, and body weight loss even with adequate forage availability. Osteopenia and severe osteomalacia were observed on gross and histologic examination. The concentrations of bicarbonate-extractable P in soil (4.0, 4.1 mg P/kg), total P in pasture (0.9, 1.1 g P/kg), inorganic P in serum (1.0, 0.71 mmol P/L), and P in bone (73 mg P/mL) were all low. Although injectable and mineral salt supplements provided additional P in both outbreaks, these supplementary amounts were insufficient to prevent P deficiency. The P ingested by the cows from the pasture and supplements would have provided 20–55% of their daily P requirements of ~21 g P/d. Osteomalacia occurred in cattle at the 2 ranches as a result of severe P deficiency in the soil and forage, and inadequate P supplementation. Following diagnosis, control of P deficiency in beef cattle requires estimation of the amount of pasture P ingested and provision of sufficient additional supplementary P to meet the animals’ requirements.     

Strategies of inorganic and organic trace mineral supplementation in gestating hyperprolific sow diets: effects on the offspring performance and fetal programming

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of trace mineral nutrition on sow performance, mineral content, and intestinal gene expression of neonate piglets when inorganic mineral sources (ITM) were partially replaced by their organic mineral (OTM) counterparts. At 35 d postmating, under commercial conditions, a total of 240 hyperprolific multiparous sows were allocated into three experimental diets: 1) ITM: with Zn, Cu, and Mn at 80, 15, and 60 mg/kg, respectively; 2) partial replacement trace mineral source (Replace): with a 30 % replacement of ITM by OTM, resulting in ITM + OTM supplementation of Zn (56 + 24 mg/kg), Cu (10.5 + 4.5 mg/kg), and Mn (42 + 18 mg/kg); and 3) Reduce and replace mineral source (R&R): reducing a 50% of the ITM source of Zn (40 + 24 mg/kg), Cu (7.5 + 4.5 mg/kg), and Mn (30 + 18 mg/kg). At farrowing, 40 piglets were selected, based on birth weight (light: <800 g, and average: >1,200 g), for sampling. Since the present study aimed to reflect results under commercial conditions, it was difficult to get an equal parity number between the experimental diets. Overall, no differences between experimental diets on sow reproductive performance were observed. Light piglets had a lower mineral content (P < 0.05) and a downregulation of several genes (P < 0.10) involved in physiological functions compared with their average littermates. Neonate piglets born from Replace sows had an upregulation of genes involved in functions like immunity and gut barrier, compared with those born from ITM sows (P < 0.10), particularly in light piglets. In conclusion, the partial replacement of ITM by their OTM counterparts represents an alternative to the totally inorganic supplementation with improvements on neonate piglet gene expression, particularly in the smallest piglets of the litter. The lower trace mineral storage together with the greater downregulation of gut health genes exposed the immaturity and vulnerability of small piglets.     

饲粮中添加葵花籽油和茶油对泌乳水牛生产性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加葵花籽油和茶油对泌乳水牛生产性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响。选取32头健康泌乳水牛(平均年龄为6.0岁,平均体重为620 kg),按产奶量(9 kg/d以上)、泌乳期(处于泌乳中期)相近原则随机分为4组,进行为期6周的饲养试验,其中预试期2周,正试期4周。基础饲料由精料和粗料组成。对照组饲喂基础饲粮;在试验组的精料中分别添加4%的葵花籽油(葵花籽油组)、4%的茶油(茶油组)、2%的葵花籽油+2%的茶油(混合组)。结果表明:与对照组相比,各试验组的产奶量均显著下降(P<0.05),乳脂率均显著提高(P<0.05),乳脂产量、乳蛋白率和乳糖率则无显著变化(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,葵花籽油组、茶油组和混合组的乳总固形物含量分别提高了5.22%、7.95%和6.17%,其中茶油组和混合组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,葵花籽油组乳脂中cis9,trans11-C18∶2[共轭亚油酸(CLA)]的含量提高了44.54%(P<0.05),混合组乳脂中trans11-C18∶1的含量提高了22.68%(P<0.05)。葵花籽油组、混合组乳脂中C18∶2的含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);葵花籽油组、茶油组和混合组的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)/饱和脂肪酸(SFA)均比对照组提高,且葵花籽油组和混合组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中混合组的PUFA/SFA最高。各组水牛的血液总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、葡萄糖、总蛋白、尿素氮含量及谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此得出,泌乳水牛饲粮中添加精料饲喂量4%的葵花籽油、4%的茶油或2%的葵花籽油+2%的茶油合均可提高乳脂率和乳脂中CLA的含量,但会导致产奶量降低;优化乳脂脂肪酸组成上,以葵花籽油和茶油的混合添加效果较好。     

非接触式测温鉴定母猪典型生理状态

体温是衡量母猪发情与否的关键生理指标。母猪发情期与间情期体温的明显不同,是运用红外热成像监测母猪体温变化以鉴定母猪发情的依据。该研究基于Y3TB01体温筛查智能摄像机和红外热像仪C3实时非接触拍摄母猪红外热图像,并运用图像分析技术获取体温,为非接触式测温用于鉴定母猪典型生理状态提供支持。试验以空怀期、发情期、妊娠1～8 d和妊娠9～16 d大白初产和经产母猪共720头为研究对象,利用红外设备和电子体温计分别测量母猪的眼睛、耳、耳蜗、乳房、外阴、臀部和直肠温度,筛选不同胎次发情母猪和返情母猪的体表关键部位温度,进行差异分析。结果表明：运用Y3TB01体温筛查智能摄像机可以代替直肠温度测定,准确监测母猪体表温度（相关系数为0.973）;红外热像仪C3检测体温异常母猪的体表温度,臀部温度可以作为筛选大白初产发情母猪和返情母猪的测定部位（准确率分别为77%和72%）,外阴温度可以作为筛选大白经产发情母猪和返情母猪的测定部位（准确率分别为88%和81%）。因此,Y3TB01体温筛查智能摄像机和红外热像仪C3配套技术能准确监测母猪体温和异常体温报警,明确不同胎次不同生理时期大白母猪体表部位温度和体温分布,准确鉴定出发情母猪和返情母猪。研究为非接触式测温鉴定母猪发情技术提供了科学依据,对规模化猪场母猪的饲养管理与疫情防控具有重要意义。     

Structure Design of Large-scale Sow House with Fermentation Bed

ln this research, the whole contact-type large-scale sow house with fer-mentation bed was designed. The planning area of the entire piggery was 5 700 m2 with workplace and green belts. The sow house was 93 m long and 33 m wide, a total of 3 069 m2, including office area of 60 m2 and aisle area of 107 m2. The fer-mentation bed had an area of 2 902 m2 with length of 88.7 m and width of 27.7 m. lts area accounted for 95% of the total area of sow house. The fermentation mattress had a depth of 80 cm, and had a volume of 2 321 m3, equivalent to 733 t of coconut chaff and rice chaff. On a large fermentation bed, the areas for boars, replacement gilts, pregnant sows, obstetric tables, nursery pigs, etc. were designed. The large-scale sow house with fermentation bed was equipped with the automatic feeding system, automatic sprinkler system, automatic positioning column for preg-nant sows, sows＇ obstetric table system, fanning wet curtain cooling system, video monitoring system, environmental monitoring （light, temperature, water, humidity, CO2, NH3） and automatic control system. Every farming area was equipped with feeding trough and water trough. The water though was fixed with overflow pipe for removing the extra water. The house could hold 500-head sows. Each sow occu-pied 4.9 m2 of the fermentation bed in average. The designed sow house had a maximum annual output of 10 000 piglets.     

黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物对奶山羊体外试验CLA含量及C18不饱和脂肪酸生物氢化率的影响

采用体外试验研究添加不同浓度的菊科黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物对瘤胃微生物体外发酵脂肪酸生物氢化、CLA含量及其前体物trans-11C18:1含量的影响。黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物添加的剂量分别是0(对照组)、3、30、300及3000mg/L。培养时间分别是2、6及24h。在每个采样时间点、每个添加量均设3个重复。试验结果表明,添加黑沙蒿乙醇粗提物有降低C18不饱和脂肪酸生物氢化率的趋势,有增加CLA生成前体物trans-11C18:1脂肪酸含量的趋势,有增加CLA含量的趋势。