A comparative description of two farmer-managed irrigation systems in Nepal

The organization of two farmer-managed irrigation systems in the western hills of Nepal is described by examining the ways in which the activities of water allocation, water distribution, maintenance, and resource mobilization are performed. Due to the topography and environment, these two organizations are structured primarily to mobilize the large amount of labor required for maintenance of the intake and canal. Both organizations precisely define each member's water allocation. In one system, water is allocated in proportion to the area of an individual's land holding, while in the other water allocation is by purchased shares. These two cases were used to analyze the importance of the principle of water allocation for expansion of area irrigated and equity of access to irrigation. Evidence from the two systems shows that in this hill environment water allocation by purchased shares provides the individual incentive and an organizational mechanism for efficient development of irrigation resources. Expansion of area irrigated and equity of access to irrigation were found to be greater in the system which allocates water by purchased shares than where water was allocated in proportion to area irrigated.     

喷灌工程规划设计多方案选优的语言化与定量化相结合模糊综合评判数学模型

本文提出了喷灌工程规划设计多方案选优的语言化与定量化相结合的模糊综合评判数学模型,从而可得到比传统喷灌工程规划设计方案选优方法更为合理、满意的结果。     

保雨灌溉技术的研究与推广

保雨灌溉技术的核心是向天空要水,与蒸发夺水,充分利用自然降水和土壤水分,满足作物需要。在作物需水不足时,提取地下水补充灌溉。三年试验结果表明,保雨灌溉比常规井灌年均节水2091mm/hm~2,增产粮食2020kg/hm~2,促进了优质高效农业的发展。     

Farmers' irrigation practices in a high rainfall area

Recent droughts in the humid southeastern United States have focused attention on the need for and use of supplemental irrigation. Total annual rainfall amounts are sufficient for most crops in the region. However, erratic distribution of rainfall and the low water-holding capacities of most soils in the region cause frequent drought stresses in many crops. An on-farm study was conducted in southeastern Alabama to evaluate the effects of farmers' irrigation scheduling decisions on soil moisture variations in peanut fields irrigated with center-pivot irrigation systems. The study showed that the way irrigation was practiced in this high rainfall area often caused soil moisture deficit (SMD) level higher than the desired SMD limit during over 20% of the 140-day growing season. This is partially due to farmers' tendency to delay irrigation in anticipation of rainfall which may or may not occur, as rainfall during the growing season is often erratic and local. In contrast SMD in non-irrigated fields was higher than the SMD limit for half of the growing season.Abbreviations SMD soil moisture deficit - ET evapotranspiration - R_eff effective rainfall - WHC water holding capacity     

棉花调亏灌溉的生态生理效应

在人工控制试验条件下 ,采用子母盆栽土培法 ,以棉花为试验材料进行了调亏灌溉试验研究。结果表明 ,棉花调亏灌溉是可行的 ,可以实现节水、高产和高效的目标。适时适度的水分调亏显著抑制蒸腾速率 ,而光合速率下降不明显 ,复水后光合速率又具有超补偿效应 ,光合产物具有超补偿积累 ,且有利于向棉铃运转与分配 ;抑制营养生长 ,促进生殖生长。棉花调亏灌溉的适宜指标是 :苗期轻、中度调亏 ,0～ 40 cm土层湿度控制下限为田间持水量的6 0 %或 5 0 %;蕾期轻度调亏 ,0～ 40 cm土层湿度控制下限为 6 0 %;花铃期不宜调亏 ,应保证充足供水 ,0～ 40 cm土层湿度应不低于 75 %;吐絮期可中度调亏 ,0～ 40 cm土层湿度可控制在 5 0 %～ 5 5 %。     

河套灌区灌溉制度研究

根据河套灌区的气象、土壤、灌水等资料,利用ISAREG模型模拟了4种主要作物充分灌溉和非充分灌溉2种灌溉制度方案。根据模型的优化模拟结果分析,在作物产量比率仅略有下降的情况下,作物实施非充分灌溉将减少灌水次数和灌溉定额(平均下降45 mm),建议灌区把作物实施非充分灌溉作为一种节水措施之一。     

地下滴灌棉花栽培试验与技术研究

根据新疆兵团农五师九十团8hm^2地下滴灌棉花栽培、灌溉和施肥等方面的试验研究，地下滴灌与地面滴灌比较，无论投入产出和作物的长势，地下滴灌都比地面滴灌优越。地下滴灌比地面滴灌工程设备、材料费低0．15297万元／hm^2，降低年运行费用841．8元／hm^2。     

水稻"淹灌-露田"灌溉模式试验研究

在总结水稻传统淹水灌溉方式及现行节水灌溉方式的基础上，研究提出了水稻“淹灌－露田”灌溉模式，该模式具有减少灌水次数，减轻灌溉管理的劳动强度，减少斗农渠的输水时间从而提高输水效率，并可提高降雨利用率等优点，介绍了该灌溉模式的基本依据、技术要点及在湖北省宜昌市东风渠管理处灌溉试验站的试验情况，并根据2000－2001年的试验资料，对该灌溉模式的灌溉效果进行了分析。     

节水灌溉对水稻钾素营养的影响

研究了节水灌溉条件下、不同施肥制度水稻植树对钾的吸收状况。结果表明：灌溉方式和施肥制度对水稻钾的吸收状况均不会造成极显著的影响。节水灌溉能显著提高水稻植株含钾量。     

棉花膜下滴灌灌溉制度试验研究

以田间试验为基础对棉花膜下滴灌的灌溉制度及其各因素的特点进行了分析研究。膜下滴灌技术采用局部灌水，男间地面蒸发量很小，另外，该技术为浅灌且可控性强，使灌水深度与棉花根系吸水深度相一致，避免深层渗漏，极大地提高了田间水分利用率。