不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布及产量的影响

【目的】探究不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布状况及对产量的影响。【方法】于2017年在策勒地区开展田间试验,设置了2种灌水模式:基于计算机模型的预报灌溉与基于土壤墒情的灌溉,每种灌水模式设置2种灌溉梯度:充分灌溉(100%)和非充分灌溉(75%的充分灌溉)。【结果】预报灌溉的土壤含水率和贮水量在花蕾与花铃期显著高于墒情灌溉;不同灌溉制度各剖面的土壤温度变化趋势一致,整个生育期的表层土壤平均温度表现为墒情亏缺最高,预报充分最低。作物产量在一定范围内随灌溉量的增加而增加,预报充分的产量较预报亏缺,墒情充分,墒情亏缺分别提高13.7%、12.1%、47.6%。水分利用效率表现为预报亏缺最高,且产量与预报充分的产量无显著差异。【结论】在策勒绿洲地区,预报亏缺灌溉可达到节水增产的目的。     

降水、灌溉和品种对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

8年田间试验结果表明,玉米产量明显受降水和灌溉的影响。玉米苗期灌溉最为关键,是保证高产的基础。在只灌溉苗水而没有其他灌溉条件下,夏玉米产量与7、8月份降水密切相关,而与生长季节的降水总量关系不明显。除了极干旱年份(季节降雨量小于200 mm)外,随着灌溉量增加,玉米水分利用效率(WUE)降低。玉米最优灌溉制度为:干旱年份,除了苗期的1次灌溉外,在拔节和扬花期分别实施2次灌溉;常年和湿润年份,除了出苗水外,在抽穗到扬花期的8月初实施1次灌溉。3年的田间试验结果表明,当地种植的不同玉米品种之间产量最大相差20%,水分利用效率差异在12%~19%。因此,将适宜的品种与优化的灌溉制度相结合,是提高华北平原夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的有效途径。     

集雨限量补灌条件下带田玉米土壤水分时空动态研究

对旱地小麦/玉米带田集雨限量补灌条件下玉米带0～90cm土层土壤水分时空动态及其生长发育进行了分析,认为玉米全生育期不同土层土壤含水量变化较为一致,基本上呈以小喇叭口期为峰值的"单峰"曲线。并建立了0～30、30～60、60～90及0～90cm土层土壤含水量随时间变化的数学模型,以此来预测试验条件下套作玉米带土壤水分随时间变化的动态。     

不同灌水水平对温室番茄地土壤CO_2排放影响

为分析不同灌水水平对温室番茄地土壤CO_2排放的影响,采用静态箱气相色谱法对2014年秋冬季和2015年春夏季番茄地土壤CO_2排放进行原位观测。试验设置2个灌水水平分别为:充分灌溉(FI)和亏缺灌溉(DI)。结果表明:番茄两个生长季中,不同灌水处理下土壤CO_2排放通量均呈波动性变化。2015年春夏季试验各处理土壤CO_2平均排放通量和排放量高于2014年秋冬季试验对应的各处理土壤CO_2平均排放通量和排放量,且两个生育期内高灌水处理的土壤CO_2排放在番茄生育期绝大多数时间内均高于低灌水处理。以2015年FI处理土壤CO_2累积排放量最大(5 641.57kg/hm~2),分别较2014年FI处理、2014年DI处理和2015年DI处理增加了3.9%、54.2%和16.7%。此外,研究还发现春夏茬试验中不同灌水处理下,土壤CO_2排放通量与土壤水分呈显著负相关关系。这为评估设施菜地温室气体减排提供一定的科学依据。     

Evaluation of post-rainy season crops with residual soil moisture and different tillage methods in rice fallow of eastern India

In eastern India, farmers grow rice during rainy season (June-September) and land remains fallow after rice harvest in the post-rainy season (November-May) due to lack of sufficient rainfall or irrigation facilities. But in lowland areas of eastern India, sufficient carry-over residual soil moistures are available in rice fallow in the post-rainy season (November-March), which can be utilized for growing second crops in the region. During the post-rainy season when irrigation facilities are not available and rainfall is meager, effective utilization of carry-over residual soil moisture and conservation agriculture become imperative for second crop production after rice. Implementation of suitable tillage/seeding methods and other agro-techniques are thus very much important to achieve this objective. In this study four pulse crops (lathyrus, blackgram, pea, and greengram) were sown utilizing carry-over residual soil moisture and with different tillage/seeding methods viz. relay cropping (RC)/farmers’ practice, reduced tillage (only two ploughing) (RT), conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT). Study revealed that the highest grain yields of 580, 630, 605 and 525 kg ha⁻¹ were obtained from lathyrus, blackgram, pea and green gram, respectively, with RT treatment. On the other hand, with conventional tillage, 34-44% lower yields were obtained than that of RT. Crops with reduced tillage performed better than that with zero tillage or relay cropping also. Impacts of different tillage methods on important soil physical properties like infiltration, bulk density were also studied after harvesting first crop (rice) and before growing second crops (pulses) in rice fallow. The lowest mean bulk density (1.42) was recorded in the surface soils of CT treatment while the corresponding value under ZT treatment was 1.54 Mg m⁻³.     

调亏灌溉条件下秦王川灌区苜蓿种植效益初步分析

从高产、优质和高效的三重目标出发,在甘肃秦王川灌区通过大田试验初步分析了调亏灌溉条件下苜蓿的种植效益。结果表明:在轻度水分亏缺下,即土壤含水率为60%~65%田间持水量时苜蓿的产量和经济效益较充分灌溉(土壤含水率为65%~70%田间持水量)没有显著差异(P>0.05),而苜蓿的水分利用效率、粗蛋白含量与其余各处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05),且值均达到了最大,分别达2.10 kg/m3和13406.7 ug/g。     

农田地下滴灌管道堵塞快速检测装置的设计

农业在我国国民经济发展中起到重要作用,而在当今水资源匮乏的背景下,农田节水灌溉势在必行。滴灌是农田节水灌溉的有效方法之一,特别是在水资源匮乏的地区应用更为广泛。由于农田地下滴灌管深埋于土壤下,导致滴灌管堵塞时不易被发现,如不及时采取措施将会影响农作物的生长并造成损失。为此,研制了一种快速检测农田地下滴灌管道堵塞的装置。该装置以STC90C58AD为主控芯片,采用PHTS-5V-V2土壤湿度传感器对农作物根部的土壤湿度进行检测,对检测到的不同位置上的土壤湿度值进行比较,来判断滴灌管是否堵塞。试验表明:该装置能够快速测定指定点的土壤湿度,判断地下滴管管道堵塞情况,同时具有实时显示、存储、报警等功能,可以满足农田地下滴灌管道堵塞快速检测的需求。     

北疆滴灌春小麦土壤水盐分布特点研究

新疆滴灌技术已在小麦作物上推广应用,但滴灌小麦农田大多受盐碱危害,为研究滴灌小麦水盐分布特点,通过测坑试验,分析了小麦各生育期土壤剖面上的水盐分布,结果表明,小麦滴灌条件下土壤水盐分布垂直方向受影响深度主要在0～60cm土层,在0～20cm土层水盐变化最为剧烈。土壤盐分分布变化范围和水分变化范围基本吻合。在0～100cm土壤剖面内,土壤含水量的分布呈随土层深度呈先降低后升高的趋势,而土壤盐分则基本上呈现先增加后减少再增加的分布特点。     

Could deficit irrigation be a sustainable practice for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the Southern Bolivian Altiplano?

The application of deficit irrigation (DI) to stabilize yield and to increase water productivity of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) raises questions in the arid Southern Altiplano of Bolivia where water resources are limited and often saline. Rainfed quinoa and quinoa with irrigation restricted to the flowering and early grain filling were studied during the growing seasons of 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 in a location with (Irpani) and without (Mejillones) water contribution from a shallow water table. It was found that the effect of additional irrigation was only significant above a basic fulfillment of crop water requirements of around 55%. Below this threshold, yields, total water use efficiency (TWUE) and marginal irrigation water use efficiency (MIWUE) of quinoa with DI were low. Capillary rise (CR) from groundwater was assessed using the one-dimensional UPFLOW model. The contribution of water from capillary rise in the region of Irpani ranges from 8 to 25% of seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) of quinoa, depending mostly on the depth of the groundwater table and the amount of rainfall during the rainy season. DI with poor quality water and cultivation of crops in fields with a shallow saline groundwater table pose a serious threat for sustainable quinoa farming. To assess the impact of saline water resources, soil salinity and required leaching were simulated by combining the soil water and salt balance model BUDGET with UPFLOW. The results indicate that irrigation of quinoa with saline water and/or CR from a saline shallow water table might, already after 1 year, result in significant salt accumulation in the root zone in the arid Southern Altiplano. A farming system with only 1 year fallow is often insufficient to leach sufficient salts out of the root zone. In case the number of fallow years cannot be increased, leaching by means of an important irrigation application before sowing is an alternative. Although potentially beneficial, DI of quinoa in arid regions such as the Southern Bolivian Altiplano should be considered with precaution.     

A model of crop yield response to irrigation water salinity: theory,testing and application

A relationship between crop yield and irrigation water salinity is developed. The relationship can be used as a production function to quantify the economic ramifications of practices which increase irrigation water salinity, such as disposal of surface and sub-surface saline drainage waters into the irrigation water supply system. Guidelines for the acceptable level of irrigation water salinity in a region can then be established. The model can also be used to determine crop suitability for an irrigation region, if irrigation water salinity is high. Where experimental work is required to determine crop yield response to irrigation water salinity, the model can be used as a first estimate of the response function. The most appropriate experimental treatments can then be allocated. The model adequately predicted crop response to water salinity, when compared with experimental data.Abbreviations A Crop threshold rootzone salinity in Equation of Maas and Hoffman (dS/m) - B Fractional yield reduction per unit rootzone salinity increase (dS/m)^–1 - C_i Average salinity of applied water (dS/m) - C_r Average salinity of rainfall (dS/m) - C_s Linearly averaged soil solution salinity in the rootzone (dS/m) - C_se Linearly averaged soil saturation extract salinity in the rootzone (dS/m) - C_w Average salinity of irrigation supply water (dS/m) - C_z Soil solution salinity at the base of the crop rootzone (dS/m) - C Mean root water uptake weighted soil salinity in equation of Bernstein and François (1973) (dS/m) - E_p Depth of class A pan evaporation during the growing season (m) - ET_a Actual crop evapotranspiration during the growing season (m) - ET_m Maximum crop evapotranspiration during the growing season (m) - I The total depth of water applied during the growing season (including irrigation water and rainfall) (m) - K Empirical coefficient in leaching equation of Rhoades (1974) - K_c Crop coefficient for equation of Doorenbos and Pruit (1977) to estimate crop water use - K_y Yield response factor in equation of Doorenbos and Kassam (1974) - LF The leaching fraction - Ro Depth of rainfall runoff during the growing season (m) - R Depth of rainfall during the growing season (m) - W Depth of irrigation water applied during the growing season (m) - Y Relative crop yield - Y_a Actual crop yield (kg) - Y_m Maximum crop yield (kg) - /z Dimensionless depth for equation of Raats (1974), and empirical coefficient for the leaching equation of Hoffman and van Genutchen (1983)     

The effect of deficit irrigation with treated wastewater on sweet corn: experimental and modelling study using SALTMED model

This study investigated the impact of using treated wastewater and deficit irrigation on yield, water productivity, dry matter and soil moisture availability. The experiment included six treatments of deficit irrigation with treated wastewater during the 2010 and 2011 seasons and two deficit irrigation treatments combined with 3 organic amendment levels during the 2012 season. The experimental and SALTMED modelling results indicated that regulated deficit irrigation when applied during vegetative growth stage could stimulate root development, increase water and nutrient uptake and subsequently increase the yield. The organic amendment has slightly improved yield under full irrigation but had relatively small effect under stress conditions. The SALTMED model results supported and matched the experimental results and showed similar differences among the different treatments. The model proved its ability to predict soil moisture availability, yield, water productivity and total dry matter for three growing seasons under several deficit irrigation strategies using treated wastewater. The high values of the coefficient of determination R ² reflected a very good agreement between the model and observed values. The SALTMED model results generally confirm the model’s ability to predict sweet corn growth and productivity under deficit irrigation strategies in the semi-arid region.     

汾河灌区农田土壤墒情变化规律分析

利用山西汾河灌区1993∽2002年各站点的土壤墒情实际观测资料,对该灌区主要作物生育期农田土壤墒情的时空变化规律进行分析;阐明了农田土壤墒情的季节变化大致可分为3个阶段,即：相对稳定阶段、严重失墒阶段和蓄墒阶段;农田土壤墒情的垂直变化明显表现出表层急变层、中间活跃层和底部相对稳定层3个层次。     

水分调亏对地下滴灌夏玉米田水热动态的影响

通过北京地区地下滴灌夏玉米田间试验,研究了前期不同程度水分亏缺对土壤水热和夏玉米冠层温度、株高、叶面积指数及产量的影响。结果表明:在20～60 cm土层,除重度亏水处理外,其他处理的土壤含水率均在高位平稳变化;在60～100 cm土层,丰水处理的土壤含水率最大;对不同深度的土层,轻度与中度亏水处理两者间的土壤含水率差异较小。受作物覆盖度和亏水程度的影响,拔节期各处理间土壤温度和冠层温度有明显差异;在较浅土层(距地表30 cm和50 cm处)中,拔节期之前丰水处理的土壤温度较低,拔节期之后各处理间差异逐渐减小;在较深土层(距地表80 cm处)中,水分亏缺程度越大,土壤温度越高。轻度亏水处理能获得较高的产量,中度亏水处理能提高水分利用效率。     

Supplemental irrigation — a safeguard technique for successful cultivation of Monsoon rice (Transplanted Aman) in Bangladesh

The study was conducted in Monsoon (Transplanted Aman) at BRRI farm, Joydebpur, from 1978–1987, to determine the impact and viability of supplemental irrigation. The results of 8 years of experimentation indicate that the impact of supplemental irrigation mainly depends on rainfall distribution patterns and the last precipitation of the season. Generally, the late transplanted crops suffer from moisture stress when the last rainfall ceases by the first week of October. Under this situation, one timely supplemental irrigation of 60 mm could produce about 58% more yield, and the consequent benefit cost ratio of supplemental irrigation would be 5.3 to 14.5, which is highly profitable. The study reveals that if the last rainfall continues up to the third week of October, the supplemental irrigation is still profitable. When sufficient rainfall occurs in November, there is no need for supplemental irrigation, even in late transplanting, and continuous standing water is not required for rice cultivation provided the rain water can be managed properly.Abbreviations BADC Bangladesh Agriculture Development Corporation - B/C Ratio Benefit Cost Ratio - BRRI Bangladesh Rice Research Institute - HYV High Yielding Variety     

基于模糊决策理论的冬小麦精量灌

为了对作物进行适时适量的灌溉，节约大量的灌溉水资源，提高农作物的产量和品质，在考虑土壤-作物-大气连续体（SPAC）的基础上，在作物的不同生长阶段设定了不同的最佳土壤湿度；同时通过天气环境参数来预测作物的腾发量；最后根据土壤湿度、作物腾发量以及作物的生长阶段来模糊决策作物的灌水量。结果表明在考虑土壤、作物和大气的综合作用下，根据多因素对作物灌水量进行模糊智能决策，比根据单一参数预测作物的灌水量，预测结果更准确。     

塔里木灌区棉田的水盐动态和水盐平衡问题探讨

利用2004年在极端干旱的塔里木盆地绿洲棉田灌溉试验数据,对常规地面沟灌和膜下滴灌棉田在不同灌溉定额下水盐动态进行了研究,对节水灌溉与农田水盐平衡问题进行了深入探讨。主要结论包括:①在2700m3/hm2灌溉定额时,常规地面沟灌和膜下滴灌棉田在生育期0~60 cm土层积盐,膜下滴灌的积盐率(12.4%)要高于常规地面沟灌的积盐率(3.4%);②在小于6000 m3/hm2的4种不同灌溉定额条件下,生育期棉田1 m土体上总体表现为积盐;③对于土壤初始含盐量高的新垦荒地,灌溉淋洗的作用要好于土壤盐分本底值低的土壤;④为了保持农田的水盐平衡,在极端干旱区需要进行非生育期以淋洗盐分为目的的灌溉。     

阿拉尔灌区合理秋浇定额的试验研究

秋浇是新疆阿拉尔灌区秋后淋盐、春季保墒的一种特殊的灌溉制度,它涉及水资源充分利用、控制地下水位防止土壤次生盐碱化、盐胁迫下作物生长等问题。通过研究土壤含盐量、土壤含水率及盐分对棉花的胁迫与秋浇定额之间的关系,得出适合于新疆阿拉尔灌区的秋浇灌溉定额为3 500 m3/hm2。     

Deficit irrigation in maize for reducing agricultural water use in a Mediterranean environment

Research on crop response to deficit irrigation is important to reduce agricultural water use in areas where water is a limited resource. Two field experiments were conducted on a loam soil in northeast Spain to characterize the response of maize (Zea mays L.) to deficit irrigation under surface irrigation. The growing season was divided into three phases: vegetative, flowering and grain filling. The irrigation treatments consisted of all possible combinations of full irrigation or limited irrigation in the three phases. Limited irrigation was applied by increasing the interval between irrigations. Soil water status, crop growth, above-ground biomass, yield and its components were measured. Results showed that flowering was the most sensitive stage to water deficit, with reductions in biomass, yield and harvest index. Average grain yield of treatments with deficit irrigation around flowering (691 g m⁻²) was significantly lower than that of the well-irrigated treatments (1069 g m⁽²). Yield reduction was mainly due to a lower number of grains per square metre. Deficit irrigation or higher interval between irrigations during the grain filling phase did not significantly affect crop growth and yield. It was possible to maintain relatively high yields in maize if small water deficits caused by increasing the interval between irrigations were limited to periods other than the flowering stage. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was higher in treatments fully irrigated around flowering.     

Water use efficiency and crop coefficients of dry season oilseed crops

Eastern India receives higher average annual rainfall (1000–2000 mm) but 80% of it occurs within the June–September (rainy season), whereas the winter season (November–March) is dry. Due to a shortage of soil moisture, most rainfed areas of the region remain fallow during the winter season and cultivation (mainly rice) is confined to the rainy season only (June–September). To explore the possibility of double cropping in the rainfed rice areas, three oilseed crops, viz., linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), safflower (Carthamous tinctorious L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), were grown in a representative rainfed area of eastern India, i.e. Dhenkanal, Orissa, during the dry/winter season by applying irrigation water at phonological stages. Study revealed that with three supplemental irrigations, the highest WUE was achieved by safflower followed by linseed with the mean values being 3.04 and 2.59 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹, respectively. Whereas, with one irrigation, the highest water use efficiency (WUE) was achieved for safflower (1.23 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹) followed by linseed (0.93 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹). Of the three crops studied, safflower withdrew maximum water followed by mustard and crops were shown to use 90–105 mm more water than linseed. With three irrigations, average maximum rooting depths were 1.66, 1.17 and 0.67 m for safflower, mustard and linseed, respectively, which were 13.5, 10.6 and 11.4% higher than for single irrigated crops because of more wet sub soils and decrease of soil strength. The crop growth parameters like leaf area, dry biomass were also recorded with different levels of irrigation. The research work amply revealed the potential of growing these low water requiring oilseed crops in rice fallow during dry/winter season utilizing limited irrigation from harvested rainwater of rainy season. Crop coefficients (K_c) of three winter season oilseed crops were derived using field water balance approach. Study showed that LAI was significantly correlated with K_c values with the R² values of 0.91, 0.89 and 0.94 in linseed, safflower and mustard, respectively. When LAI exceeded 3.0, the K_c value was 1 in safflower and mustard whereas in linseed corresponding LAI was 2.5. Study revealed that the K_c values for the development and mid season stage were slightly higher to that obtained by the procedure proposed by FAO, which might be due to local advection.     

实用型滴灌灌溉计划制定方法

介绍了适合日光温室、塑料大棚等设施栽培和小块农田经济作物栽培滴灌灌溉计划制定的2种方法。方法一：将真空表负压计埋在滴头正下方20cm深度处监测土壤水势，每次的灌水量相同，或者将作物整个生育期分为2～3个生长阶段，每个生长阶段内每次的灌水量相同．只要土壤水势超出预定的范围，就进行灌溉。对于大部分作物，只要每次的灌水量在5mm左右，土壤水势保持在25～35kPa的范围内，就能获得比较理想的产量。方法二：在冠层顶部放置一个20cm标准蒸发皿，灌溉频率一定．将一个灌水周期内蒸发皿的蒸发量乘以比例系数作为下一个灌水周期的灌水量。对于大部分日光温室和塑料大棚栽培的作物来说，只要将这个比例系数定为1，灌水周期定为每天1次、每2天1次或每3天1次，就能获得比较理想的产量。