Sulfate and Calcium Movement in an Allophanic Soil—The Relevance of Ion‐Pair Adsorption in the Soil–Plant System

Cooperative adsorption involving anions and cations, termed ion‐pair adsorption (IPA), is reported to increase the retention of some ions in certain soils. Sulfate and calcium can exhibit such interaction, and this affects their movement through the soil. Ion‐pair adsorption is shown here in miscible displacement experiments with a variable‐charge soil. The relevance of IPA under more realistic conditions is further investigated in a pot experiment. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) was grown at two different irrigation regimes and with two sulfur fertilizer sources. Calcium sulfate (CaSO₄·2H₂O) was used to induce IPA in contrast to potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄). The results suggest that IPA reduces sulfate and calcium leaching only in the short term. Continued irrigation dissipates the differences between the two fertilizer sources. Final soil ion concentrations and the plant uptake could not be related to IPA, evidencing the short‐term relevance of IPA. The influence of IPA on the bioavailability of calcium and sulfate to plants still demands further study.     

Yields nutrient intake and soil fertilizing in 40 years fertilizer trials

The set of twenty long‐term field nutrition trials starting from 1957 at five sites. The sites differed by their altitude (from 180 m to 620 m) with average daily temperatures (from 6,8°C m to 9°C m) and soil type (from chernozem to brown podsolic soil) Provided mainly the following results:

? The geonomic division to the fertile sugarbeet region and less fertile potato region did not strictly differentiate the influence of fertilizer and climatic effects to the crop yields.

? The effect of fertilizing was dependent on the nutrient content and on the conditions of releasing and binding of the nutrients in soil.

? The precipitation regime has a strong influence on the effect of the nitrogen escalated doses.

? The facts concerning the nutrient intake are very precious knowledge. These facts have not been examined yet during the long‐term trials.

? The site effect, particularly its climatic conditions, on the nutrient intake is often more obvious compared to the fertilizing effect.

? Very interesting impulses for further research monitoring during the long‐term trials was contributed by “mapping”; of soil capacity to provide nutrients to plants at various sites and under different climate.     

Response of Wheat and Barley during Germination to Seed Osmopriming at Different Water Potential

Pre-sowing osmotic seed treatments were evaluated as a means of improving water uptake and germination performance of wheat ( Triticum durum L. cv. Hourani-27) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ACSAD 176) under four levels of water potential (0, –0.4, –0.8 and –1.2 MPa) created by using polyethylene glycol 8000. Seeds were osmoprimed in aerated solutions of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 M KCl at 24 ± 2°C overnight and then rinsed and dried. Rate of water uptake by seeds was higher in osmoprimed than untreated seeds of both crops regardless of the water potential level. Decreasing water potential (more stress) adversely affected rate of water uptake in seeds of both crops. Seeds osmopriming increased germination percentage and decreased time to 50% germination at high water potentials (low stress), whereas the germination at low water potentials (more stress) was not affected by osmopriming treatments. The effect of osmopriming on rate of water uptake, germination percentage, and time to 50% germination was more pronounced in wheat than in barley. Reduction in the lag time of imbibition may be accounted for in part by some germination rate enhancement in the osmopriming treatments. Fresh weight and length of shoots (plumules) and roots (radicles) were enhanced in osmoprimed seeds in comparison to untreated seeds, in both crops at high water potentials (0 and – 0.4 MPa). As water potential in the medium decreased, these traits were inversely affected regardless of osmopriming treatment. Longer roots in wheat compared to barley were noted in the positive osmopriming treatments at high water potentials (0 and – 0.4). These results might indicate that wheat is more responsive than barley at relatively high water potentials to osmopriming through rapid penetrating root system.     

洞庭湖区地下水生物除锰试验研究

通过试验 ,研究了洞庭湖区地下水生物除锰滤池的成熟过程与除锰效果 ,探讨了 pH值、氧化还原电位 (ORP)以及亚铁离子 (Fe2 + )与生物除锰的关系。结果表明 ,石英砂滤池除锰能力与砂层细菌含量密切相关 ;在试验进水水质条件下 ,通过自然培养 ,石英砂生物除锰滤池可在 6 0天内培养成熟 ;在 12m/h的较高滤速下 ,生物滤池仍有良好的除锰、除浊效果和很长的过滤周期 ;当出水 pH为 5～ 8.5时 ,出水含锰量小于 0 .1mg/L ,但当pH <5时 ,出水含锰量随进水 pH值的降低而急剧增加 ;当ORP为 4 30～ 72 0mV时 ,生物滤池具有良好的除锰效果 ;Fe2 + 与生物滤池除锰能力密切相关 .     

Root growth,water relations and mineral uptake of young ‘Delicious’ apple trees treated with soil- and stem-applied paclobutrazol

Paclobutrazol (2R,3R + 2S,3S)-1-(4 chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-trizol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol), at 25, 50 and 150 mg active ingredient, was applied as a soil drench or stem application to 1-year-old ‘Topred Delicious’ apples. Root growth measured as relative root surface area was reduced by both soil and stem applications. There was no significant difference in dry weight of the root tissue. The root-to-leaf-area ratio was significantly increased in paclobutrazol-treated plants.Water relations measured as leaf conductance and leaf water potential were significantly influenced by paclobutrazol. Leaf conductance was higher in paclobutrazol-treated plants when the plants were turgid, as well as under some water stress. Leaf water potential was significantly higher in treated plants.There were no significant differences in the total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium levels found in the leaf or root tissue.     

不同N源对兴安落叶松苗木生长,养分吸收及离子平衡的影响(英文)

本文研究了不同N源对落叶松苗木干物重、养分吸收及离子平衡的影响。结果表明:施铵态N的苗木干物重小于对照处理;施硝铵态N的苗木生长与对照和施硝态N的苗木差别不大,但较施铵态N的苗木生长要好。铵态N与硝铵态N处理苗木地上部的阳离子总浓度受N水平的影响很小,而硝态N处理时则阳离子浓度增加;各处理对地上部阴离子浓度的影响均不大。在根部除硫酸根与钙离子外,阳离子与阴离子浓度均变化不大。硝态N处理的苗木具有较高的C-A值;△(C-A)/△Norg值在硝态N处理的苗木中随N供应量的增加而略有变化,但铵态N处理则明显下降;硝铵态N处理苗木的△(C-A)/△Norg值界于铵态N处理与硝态N处理之间。     

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza effects on Gliricidia sepium and Senna siamea in a fallowed alley cropping system

Nitrogen fixing and non-N₂ fixing legumes such as Gliricidia speium and Senna siamea have been used in alley cropping systems for soil improvement and source of N for food crops. However their establishments could be limited by P and moisture deficiencies in degraded soils. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can help to overcome these deficiencies. We examined the effects of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus, Glomus deserticola, on the performance of sole hedgerow trees of Gliricidia sepium and Senna siamea and their mixtures (interplanted) in a fallowed alley cropping experiment on a degraded Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria. Percentage root infection by VAM fungi was higher in inoculated plants than in uninoculated ones irrespective of whether they were interplanted or non-interplanted. Inoculation with G. deserticola increased dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake (N. P, Mg and K) but there was no significant interaction between mycorrhizal inoculation and interplanting for growth and nutrient uptake except for the uptake of P, Mg and K in G. sepium. Inoculation with G. deserticola reduced leaf shedding of G. sepium by 50% but did not have the same effect for S. siamea. For both tree species inoculated plants extracted more water from 0–30 cm depth than the uninoculated ones.     

桉树立地生产力与养分生产力参数的确定

桉树试验林样本分析结果表明，桉树树杆中氮，磷，钾养分浓度的倒数与养分吸收量早明显的负线性相关。基于这一相关性，对实测的数据作回归分析。估测的立地生产力极限和养分生产力参数值，以及相应的立地养分效应曲线具有较高的精确度。本文为研究林木生长和营养的动态函数关系提供了新的思路和方法。     

Effects of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on soil mineral N, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality in a grazed pasture system

Recent lysimeter studies have demonstrated that the nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), can reduce nitrate (NO) leaching losses from cow urine patches in grazed pasture systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of fine particle suspension (FPS) DCD on soil mineral N components, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality under grazed pasture conditions. A field study was conducted on the Lincoln University dairy farm, Canterbury, New Zealand, from 2002 to 2006. FPS DCD was applied to grazed pasture plots at 10 kg ha^?1 in early May in addition to applied cow urine patches at a nitrogen (N) loading rate of 1000 kg N ha^?1, with DCD reapplied in early August. Soil mineral N levels in the urine patches were monitored. Pasture yield, N and cation concentrations and uptake were measured in treatment urine patches and inter‐urine areas of the pasture. Comparisons were made with control plots which did not receive DCD. NO levels under the DCD‐treated urine patches (0–7.5 cm) were in the order of 10 kg N ha^?1 compared with 40–80 kg N ha^?1 under untreated patches, and soil ammonium (NH) levels were consistently higher under the DCD‐treated patches. The DCD significantly and consistently increased pasture yield in both the urine patches, and inter‐urine areas of the pasture in all 4 years of the trial. Mean annual dry matter (DM) yields over 4 years were inter‐urine areas, 10.3; inter‐urine + DCD, 12.4; urine, 12.4 and urine +DCD 16.0 t DM ha^?1, representing an average DM yield increase of 20 and 29% in inter‐urine and urine patch areas, respectively. On a whole paddock basis, the increase in annual DM yield resulting from DCD application was estimated to be 21%. N, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) concentrations in pasture were unaffected by treatment with DCD; however, total annual uptake of these nutrients by pasture was significantly higher in all years where DCD had been applied. Pasture DM, protein, carbohydrate, metabolizable energy and fibre levels and sward clover content were not affected by treatment with DCD. The results demonstrate the agronomic value of the DCD treatment in addition to the environmental benefits in a grazed pasture system.