不同开花期棉铃异质性与气候关系的研究

本文研究了1986～1988年不同开花期棉铃异质性与气候的关系。结果表明,3年平均落铃率为43.27％;就落铃率而言,晚秋桃>伏前桃>早秋桃>伏桃,伏前桃、伏桃和早秋挑3年平均铃重分别为49、55、75天;>10℃的有效积温是影响铃重的主导因素;干旱的天气和高温能使纤维缩短。     

豌豆光系统I的分布及其DOC-PAGE分离特性研究

以豌豆(Pisum sativumL.)苗叶片为试材,提取其类囊体膜并利用不同增溶剂研究PSI蛋白复合物的分布以及不同凝胶浓度的DOC-PAGE分离特性。结果表明:6%的分离胶对PSI具有较好的分离特性;低浓度的毛地黄皂苷能够增溶间质类囊体上的PSI蛋白复合物,并能够获得大量的含有PSI的类囊体膜碎片。高浓度的毛地黄皂苷能够获得全部的PSI复合物;Tween-20能够分离不同区域的类囊体膜,结合毛地黄皂苷处理均能够获得PSI复合物。证明了PSI异质性的存在。     

不同放牧制度对荒漠草原表层土壤氮素空间异质性的影响

以荒漠草原不同放牧制度下表层土壤氮素含量为研究对象,采用GS+软件和地统计学分析方法对其空间异质性分布进行了研究.结果显示,划区轮牧区表层士壤碱解氮含量显著低于对照区和自由放牧区,土壤全氮含量没有发生显著性变化.样点间土壤氮素含量差异表明,表层土壤氮素含量存在空间异质性.划区轮牧使得土壤碱解氮含量和土壤全氮含量空间分布受随机因素影响大,自由放牧使土壤全氮含量空间分布受随机因素影响大,围封状态的对照区土壤碱解氮含量和土壤全氮含量空间分布几乎不受随机因素影响.划区轮牧能够减小土壤氮素空间分布的异质性,自由放牧导致表层土壤碱解氮含量空间差异较大.在划区轮牧区,土壤碱解氮含量和土壤全氮含量空间分布都比较均匀,呈片状分布,自由轮牧区土壤碱解氮整体呈破碎斑块分布.     

不同放牧制度对荒漠草原短花针茅空间异质性的影响

在不同放牧制度下,以荒漠草原短花针茅植物种群为研究对象,采用GS＋软件和地统计学分析方法对其空间异质性分布进行了研究。结果显示：对照区和划区轮牧区或自由放牧区都表现出很强的空间自相关性,且结构是导致短花针茅空间变异的主要因素。对照区、划区轮牧区和自由放牧区,短花针茅空间格局的分形维数相近,都接近于2。不同放牧制度下短花...     

不同放牧强度荒野地区的大型土壤动物群落具有异质性

Moderate grazing by cattle increases the heterogeneity of soil and vegetation. This has been suggested as an ecologically sustainable mean of managing natural environments endangered by tree encroachment, such as heathlands. Our study was performed to test the impact of grazing intensity on soil macroinvertebrate communities in heterogeneous landscapes in a private property eligible to the Natura 2000 European Network of Special Protection Areas within the Brenne Natural Regional Park (Indre, France). We sampled macroinvertebrates along a broken line crossing 5 different land-use types, from pasture to pine forest, passing through a besom heath (Erica scoparia) heathland at 3 levels of cattle pressure. We hypothesized that: i) litter-dwelling (mostly arthropods and mollusks) and soil-dwelling macroinvertebrates (mostly earthworms) would respond in an opposite manner to various grazing intensities, and ii) intermediate cattle pressure (pastured heath) would increase soil and community heterogeneity. The results supported the first hypothesis, which was explained by land-use impacts mediated by soil properties. However, our results supported only partly the second hypothesis since maximum dissimilarity (whether in the composition of soil macroinvertebrate communities or in soil features) was observed in only one out of the two pastured heaths where cattle pressure was intermediate.     

Nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry — A new analytical tool in biogeochemistry and soil ecology: A review article

Soils are structurally heterogeneous across a wide range of spatio-temporal scales. Consequently, external environmental conditions do not have a uniform effect throughout the soil, resulting in a large diversity of micro-habitats. It has been suggested that soil function can be studied without explicit consideration of such fine detail, but recent research has indicated that the micro-scale distribution of organisms may be of importance for a mechanistic understanding of many soil functions. Current techniques still lack the adequate sensitivity and resolution for data collection at the micro-scale, and the question ‘How important are various soil processes acting at different scales for ecological function?’ is therefore challenging to answer. The nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometer (NanoSIMS) represents the latest generation of ion microprobes, which link high-resolution microscopy with isotopic analysis. The main advantage of NanoSIMS over other secondary ion mass spectrometers is its ability to operate at high mass resolution, whilst maintaining both excellent signal transmission and spatial resolution (down to 50 nm). NanoSIMS has been used previously in studies focussing on presolar materials from meteorites, in material science, biology, geology and mineralogy. Recently, the potential of NanoSIMS as a new tool in the study of biophysical interfaces in soils has been demonstrated. This paper describes the principles of NanoSIMS and discusses the potential of this tool to contribute to the field of biogeochemistry and soil ecology. Practical considerations (sample size and preparation, simultaneous collection of isotopes, mass resolution, isobaric interference and quantification of the isotopes of interest) are discussed. Adequate sample preparation, avoiding bias due to artefacts, and identification of regions-of-interest will be critical concerns if NanoSIMS is used as a new tool in biogeochemistry and soil ecology. Finally, we review the areas of research most likely to benefit from the high spatial and high mass resolution attainable with this new approach.     

Spatial variation of tracer distribution in a structured clay field soil

Within the sensitive soils of the River Oder Basin (E Brandenburg, Germany), chloride‐tracer transport was studied with respect to soil‐surface conditions of the well structured clayey topsoil (disturbed vs. undisturbed) and irrigation mode (flooding vs. sprinkling). The spatial variation of chloride and dye distribution was sampled in a regular grid within different soil depths. Different methods were used for the analysis of spatial heterogeneity: a heterogeneity index HI derived from fitting parameters of the cumulative distribution function, semivariogram analyses to identify the spatial representativity of observations and to classify the spatial variation, and Spearman's rank correlations to examine the spatial similarity of tracer distribution across different soil depths. Soil aggregation was obvious throughout the soil profile, and macropores and fractures were preferred flow paths for the tracer. Flood irrigation resulted in more “uniform” distribution than sprinkling did. However, preferential flow was identified for all treatments, where, once established below the surface layer, flow paths led to heterogeneity indices manifesting nonuniform flow and reduced lateral mixing between macropores and soil matrix. Within the flooded plot, spatial structure of chloride concentration was moderate unlike the strongly structured variation within the sprinkled plots. For purposes to generalize and to assess regional risk of the water and solute transport within the topsoil of the River Oder Basin, spatial autocorrelation ranges of about 15 cm should be considered and included into concepts of soil protection and land‐use management, soil‐sampling strategies, or modeling approaches.     

塔里木河中下游湿地及其周边土壤理化性状的空间异质性

研究塔里木河中下游湿地及其周边土壤理化性状,包括土壤粒度组成、土壤水分、盐分、pH和养分的空间异质性结果表明:大范围分布的土壤质地以沙质或粉沙质壤土为主,少数属壤质沙土或粉沙土,不同类型土地或植被条件下土壤粒度组成存在差异;土壤水分的空间分布特征反映了塔里木河中下游湿地的旱化现象;广泛分布的盐土、盐渍化土和碱化土表现出对植物生长发育的明显胁迫作用;土壤有机质、全N和全P总体贫乏,全K含量较高,反映了干旱区湿地土壤的特点。     

鸡淋巴器官中肥大细胞异质性的研究

应用常规甲苯胺蓝（ＲＴＢ）、长时间甲苯胺蓝（ＬＴＢ）、阿利新蓝－藏花红（ＡＢ－Ｓ）、醛品红－阿利新蓝（ＡＦ－ＡＢ）、阿利新蓝－高碘酸雪夫氏反应（ＡＢ－ＰＡＳ）等组化染色法证实，在鸡胸腺、脾脏、腔上囊等淋巴器官的实质中存在大量的肥大细胞，不同器官中的肥大细胞各有其分布特点，并且在形态大小、异染性、颗粒的粘多糖成分、染色特性等方面具有异质性，表明鸡淋巴器官中的肥大细胞可能存在不同的亚型     

三工河流域景观格局的形成与环境分异特征

景观格局是地貌格局、土壤格局、水资源格局、植物分布格局及生产力格局等的综合。从景观生态学的角度分析了三工河流域景观格局的形成、分布及其环境分异特征 ,讨论了景观格局与环境分异的相互关系 ,最后阐明了三工河流域山地、绿洲和荒漠景观格局的形成及所处的环境特征。