Outcrossing rates of barley landraces from Syria

Diversity levels in populations of barley landraces may be influenced by varying levels of natural outcrossing caused by environmental conditions. Outcrossing was studied in 10 accessions of the barley landrace Arabi Aswad from different environments in Syria. Electrophoretic variation at two codominant isoenzymes (Est1 and Est2) in six seeds of 50 families per population were analysed and multilocus outcrossing rates calculated. Results were correlated with interpolated environmental conditions. Outcrossing was, on average, 1.7% and not significantly different from the outcrossing rate of wild barley. A significant increase of outcrossing was observed with increasing inter‐annual variation in rainfall and decreasing minimum temperatures of the coldest month.     

Tillage, habitat space and function of soil microbes

This review examines the effect of tillage on microbial habitat space, and the roles of microbes in influencing N-transformation processes within a heterogeneous soil environment. Literature relating tillage to microbial processes is assessed critically focusing on (a) degrees of physical disruption and N-processes, (b) interactions between organisms and the soil pore network, and (c) the role of soil structure in mediating oxygen movement to sites of microbial activity in soil. Spatial heterogeneity is shown to be a key characteristic of soil structure and N-transformation processes, impacting on predator:prey relations, microbial habitable pore space, and the modelling of the soil system with respect to denitrification. The latter area is discussed with respect to the notion of how a functional appraisal of soil structure may be approached theoretically, at the aggregate and soil profile scale.     

草鱼_中华鳖淋巴细胞扫描电镜结构_省略_绵羊红细胞受体_CD_2_的检测

草鱼淋巴细胞表面扫描电镜结构特征为有孔穴且较为光滑、具短小细锥状突起;中华鳖淋巴细胞、胸腺细胞表面扫描电镜结构特征为凹凸不平、较为光滑;它们均以表面凹凸不平特征的占大多数。E花环试验的光镜和扫描电镜观察显示：草鱼淋巴细胞E花环形成不明显,而中华鳖淋巴细胞、胸腺细胞的成花率分别为25％－34％和36％－47％,能形成花环的淋巴细胞、胸腺细胞以表面结构特征凹凸不平（类似哺乳动物T淋巴细胞）的为主。草鱼、中华鳖血液淋巴细胞和中华鳖胸腺细胞与抗人CD2单克隆抗体交叉反应的免疫组化检测显示中华鳖血液淋巴细胞和胸腺细胞的CD2阳性率分别为24％和33％。草鱼血液淋巴细胞CD2阳性反应不明显。     

消费者生鲜水果线上购买迁徙行为及其影响因素

为探索消费者生鲜水果线上购买迁徙行为的影响因素和机制路径,本研究基于PPM理论,构建结构方程模型分析了消费者生鲜水果线上购买迁徙行为及其影响因素,并运用多群组分析不同消费者行为影响因素的差异性。结果表明：1）价格、信息、服务不满意构成正向影响消费者生鲜水果线上购买迁徙行为的推力因素;感知有用性、搜索、消费体验感构成正向影响迁徙行为的拉力因素;程序转移成本构成负向影响迁徙行为的锚定因素。2）锚定因素负向调节推力因素对迁徙行为的作用效果。3）性别、年龄、学历水平三个人口统计特征在不同假设路径中的影响较为显著。其中女性、30岁及以下、学历水平大专以上的群体更愿意在线上渠道购买生鲜水果。结论丰富了生鲜水果领域消费者迁徙行为的研究成果,并为生鲜电商可持续发展提供了启示。     

Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.     

城镇化进程中的粮食安全问题:一个研究综述

研究城镇化进程中的粮食安全问题,本质上是城镇化进程中产业之间的协调问题。中国的城镇化由于规模庞大、人口众多,使得城镇化是否影响粮食安全的研究一直伴随着国家城镇化水平的提升而从未间断过,特别是中国开始进入城镇化快速发展阶段之后。在简单回顾城镇化与粮食安全问题研究历史的基础上,通过着重梳理近十年来中国城镇化对粮食安全的研究文献,从城镇化影响粮食安全的因素和城镇化背景下保障粮食安全的解决方案两个角度的内容出发,指出了研究侧重点的发展变化。在影响因素问题上,研究者们从最初的侧重关注耕地减少,到探索农业生产技术应用提升农业生产力,再到保障劳动力的资源水平和满足粮食消费,越来越全面地认识城镇化对粮食安全的影响。而在解决方案上,从战略政策的演变,到夯实生产能力的策略变化,再到对海外资源依靠方式的转变,体现出不断完善的粮食安全保障体系建立。最后认为未来的研究可以在空间异质性、人力资本和制度要素变化上进一步深入。     

System for quasi‐continuous simultaneous measurement of oxygen diffusion rate and redox potential in soil

Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and redox potential (E_H) are quantitative indices representing oxygen availability and redox status in soils, which is valuable information for better understanding causes and effects of soil aeration. Because these indices are spatially and temporally highly variable, continuous measurements and adequate numbers of repetitions are essential for accurate in situ monitoring. Here, we present a new, fully automated recording system for in situ measurements where ODR and E_H are measured at the same platinum electrode. The conflict between electrode polarization for ODR and the resulting biased E_H readings is solved by reducing the polarization time and introducing a recovery interval between two consecutive measurement cycles. The shorter polarization time ensures accurate E_H readings. It also results in moderately overestimated ODR readings, but this can be corrected before data analysis. The recovery interval restricts temporal resolution of the E_H‐ODR data pairs to 8 h. We illustrate the use of the system with measurements in a field experiment in Zürich, Switzerland. ODR curves at different depths ran roughly parallel to the corresponding curves of O₂ concentration in soil air but ODR was much more sensitive to precipitation. Low ODR was a necessary but not a sufficient condition for declining E_H. E_H ran parallel to O₂ concentration in soil air rather than to ODR. The fully automated system allows for time series of replicate measurements in multifactorial field studies with reasonable labor requirements. It may be particularly suitable for studies examining the effects of soil tillage, compaction, and irrigation, where structure‐related soil properties such as porosity, gas permeability, and soil aeration play a dominant role.     

基于格网的石漠化地区生态系统服务与经济空间耦合

[目的]分析石漠化地区生态系统服务价值与经济的空间耦合关系,为石漠化地区生态环境保护与社会经济协调发展提供依据。[方法]以贵州省盘州市为例,基于格网尺度,计算了研究区生态服务价值(ESV)与国内生产总值GDP,并利用耦合协调模型,对两者间的耦合协调发展程度进行定量评估。[结果]①盘州市ESV热点区主要分布在东北部的几个少数民族乡镇,冷点区主要分布在经济发展较快且城市化率较高的区域;②盘州市GDP在空间上呈现出局部高的特点,高值区主要集中在石桥镇、亦资街道、翰林街道等工业镇和政治、经济、文化中心;③盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度值较低,空间上存在明显的自相关性,耦合协调度较低的区域主要分布在盘州市东南部、北部以及中部;④盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度类型以严重失调衰退经济损益型为主,占区域总面积的79.95%。[结论]盘州市ESV与GDP在空间上存在一定矛盾,耦合协调度较低,兼顾生态环境保护与经济发展有助于提升协调度。     

广东省森林土壤养分异质性析因

[目的]分析不同环境因子对森林土壤养分的影响,探讨造成森林土壤养分异质性的原因,为森林经营和森林立地质量评价提供依据.[方法]基于广东省全国森林资源清查土壤调查数据,以有机质(OM)、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)为因变量,以地理因子、地形因子、土壤因子和林分因子四大类20个变量(10个定性因子,10个...