小陇山林区16种珍稀濒危树种优先保护序列研究

以小陇山林区为总体,采用线路、典型样地及访问调查的方法,并采用定量化和权重分配法,对该16种珍稀濒危树种在小陇山层面上的物种“濒危系数”和“优先保护值”进行了分析,提出了在本区的物种濒危程度和优先保护序列,为该林区的森林可持续经营,特别是生物多样性保护提供了基本依据。     

渗灌和地膜覆盖对冬小麦产量及绿色面积构成的影响

为寻求小麦节水栽培的有效调控技术和相应效果,研究了灌水方式与地膜覆盖的不同结合,对冬小麦产量及其构成、穗茎叶等器官绿色面积的影响。结果表明：渗灌和覆膜均可不同程度提高产量,但两个因素相组合效果更显著;20cm和40cm渗灌覆膜在总耗水量在459mm的控制条件下,分别比对照增产20.34%和20.16%;而在有深层水补给的露天条件下,分别增产11.11%和13.67%。不同处理对穗、茎和叶器官的面积及其比例,也产生显著影响;在不同栽培条件下,开花期非叶光合器官占总绿色面积的比例在61.33%~62.69%之间。     

Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters

This paper determined the effects of mulching time for double furrows and ridges using plastic film on soil water status, grain yield of maize, soil quality, and economic benefits. The study was conducted in a typical semiarid area during two growing seasons of 2006–2007 with the following three treatments: (i) plastic film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (CK); (ii) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (T1); and (iii) mulching at sowing with no-tillage, and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season (T2). The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year (2007) improved soil water content (in the 0–60 cm layer) and temperature (10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons, the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0–80 cm soil layer in CK and T1, and in the 0–120 cm soil layer in T2; however, it decreased significantly in 140–200 cm soil layer in CK and T1, compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006, and there was no significant change in T2. The rainfall storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season (late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK, 34.0 mm in T1, and 59.7 mm in T2, and the rainfall storage in 100–200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1, respectively. In 2006, there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in all treatments. In 2007, the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2, but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0–20 cm) decreased in CK and T1, but increased (by 2.7%) in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006. The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK, 1.40:1 for T1, and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons. Therefore, T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage, producing greater economic benefit and maintaining SOC balance for maize production in semiarid area.     

基于灰色系统的地下水动态研究

为了深入探求地下水动态变化规律,以陕西洛惠渠灌区实测数据为例,首先采用改进的灰色斜率关联法,对灌区自然-人工-生物条件下地下水动态敏感性因子进行研究,分析了各因子与地下水埋深的关系,并运用灰色动态模型对敏感因子进行灾变预测.结果表明:蒸发量是影响该灌区地下水动态的主要因子,而各因子之间相互作用影响,形成了复杂条件下的耦合关系;灰色动态模型对蒸发量的灾变预测精度较高,完善模型系统.将灰色系统理论应用到灌区地下水动态评价中是切实可行的,是对传统地下水动态研究方法的补充与完善,可为灌区管理和调控提供一定的依据.     

不同怀地黄品种在地膜覆盖栽培下产量和品质的研究

以4个怀地黄主栽品种为材料,采用地膜覆盖密植栽培技术,用测量法、观察法、称量法、成分分析法,研究了4个品种单株产量和每公顷产量及其品质的差异.试验结果表明,地膜覆盖种植怀地黄后,4个怀地黄品种产量和品质都有差异,85-5产量最高,为95 038.95 kg·hm-2;北京1号梓醇最高,为0.14%;锌/铜北京3号最高,为110/1;还原糖含量生津最高,为6.742 7%;总糖含量北京1号最高,为98%.     

江南花生地膜覆盖和灌溉的增减产效应研究

本文目的研究不同气候年型下,江南花生地膜覆盖栽培的适宜性。通过对江南花生种植进行地膜覆盖和生长中后期灌溉的田间试验表明,地膜覆盖在花生生长前期增温保墒,生育期明显提前,个体生长发育良好,生长后期降温保墒,提高经济性状。地膜覆盖增温保墒的增产率为58.4%,降温保墒的增产率为62.2%。在6月20日后采用灌溉处理,夏季高温干旱明显的2007年,旱地露地和覆膜、稻田露地产量比对照分别高出64.6%、37.2%、50.5%,稻田覆膜因土壤水分过多比对照减产40.2%。因此,出现高温干旱天气,及时灌溉能促进旱地栽培、稻田露地栽培花生生长和增产。降水过多会道导致稻田覆膜栽培花生减产,如果气象部门预报夏季降水偏多以连阴雨天气为主,应及时除去稻田地膜。     

全膜双垄沟播玉米不同覆膜时期水分生产效率研究

为了进一步探索全膜玉米不同时期覆膜对水分生产效率的影响,笔者选择四种不同覆膜时期,在玉米关键生育期测定0-100cm土层含水量,研究生育期耗水、生育期降水、年降水的生产效率。结果表明：冬季土壤封冻到春季土壤解冻采取秋覆膜可减少27.6%的土壤水分损耗;土壤解冻到玉米播种采取顶凌覆膜的可减少16.0%的土壤水分损耗。全膜秋覆膜较顶凌覆膜生产能力提高9.27%、生育期降雨生产效率提高0.16 kg/mm,顶凌覆膜较播前覆膜生产能力提高7.44%、生育期降雨生产效率提高0.13 kg/mm。     

塑料包装薄膜粘连性研究及其应用现状

针对塑料薄膜的粘连现象及其对生产和应用的影响,综述了粘连的起因及解决方法,介绍了测试薄膜粘连性和摩擦系数的方法,并简单介绍常用果蔬保鲜膜的粘连现象及其对应用的影响。     

稻草覆盖对早稻茬免耕秋玉米生长及产量的影响

对不同稻草覆盖量处理下早稻茬免耕秋玉米不同生育期株高、地上部生物量及产量性状的测定结果表明,稻草覆盖可以增加玉米生物量和子粒产量,覆盖稻草量12 000 kg·hm-2的处理生物量最大,产量也最高.建议稻草覆盖量在9 000～12 000 kg·hm-2为宜.     

平衡施肥对全膜双垄沟播春玉米产量及养分吸收规律的影响

[目的]研究干旱半干旱农作区全膜双垄沟播技术下,平衡施肥技术对春玉米产量及养分吸收规律的影响,旨在为该区春玉米高产栽培提供最佳施肥方案。[方法]以玉米品种沈单16为指示作物,通过全膜双垄沟播玉米田闯试验,研究了氮、磷、钾肥配合平衡施肥对玉米产量扣养分吸收规律的影响。[结果]全膜双垄沟播条件下,各处理中,玉米平均产量以OPT＋Zn处理最高,达到了12934．0kg／hm^2;适量增施Zn肥能有效提高玉米产量;氮磷钾养分累积均随肥料施入量的增加而增加,合理配施氮、磷、钾肥有利于养分的协调供应,提高春玉米植株体内的养分含量和吸收量。[结论]全膜双垄沟播条件下,平衡施肥显著提高了玉米的产量和经济收益;K是玉米高产的主要限制因子;生育后期养分的充足供应是玉米高产的关键。