Effects of silvering state on induced maturation and spawning in wild female Japanese eel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anguilla japonica</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   The effects of silvering state of wild female Japanese eels Anguilla japonica on the success of induced maturation and the following spawning were examined. Thirty-eight females, collected in Mikawa Bay, were divided into four stages based on their silvering state: yellow (Y1), late-yellow (Y2), silver (S1) and late silver eels (S2). Despite injections of salmon pituitary extract (SPE) through the standard technique, Y1 and Y2 eels did not respond to the treatment with undeveloped gonad (gonad-somatic index [GSI]: 0.3–0.9), and all these females died by 5 weeks, probably due to an abnormal physiological condition. Most S1 (81%) and S2 eels (100%) matured completely (GSI: 17.8–51.4), and finally spawned successfully (69% for S1, 89% for S2). S2 eels fully matured with oocytes of over 750 μm in diameter by significantly smaller number of injections of SPE (5–6 times) than the case of S1 eels (6–8 times). The amount of eggs released by S2 eels (0.65 ± 0.11 g/fish per body weight [BW]) was significantly larger than those by S1 eels (0.54 ± 0.09 g/fish per BW). There was no difference in fertilization and hatching rates between eggs released by S1 eels and those of S2 eels. These results indicate that the success of induced maturation and spawning in wild female Japanese eels depends on their silvering state, and matured eggs can be obtained efficiently through the use of S2 eels rather than other stages.     

湘南三种典型红壤生土长期施肥对作物产量的影响

以长期定位试验为基本材料,研究了湘南3种典型红壤生土25年长期施肥对作物产量的影响。结果表明:(1)25年作物累计产量以紫色土为最高,其次是花岗岩红壤,第四纪红壤最低。(2)3种母质生土熟化过程中,对于不同处理,平衡施用氮磷钾化肥处理,均能获得较高作物产量,显著高于施用有机物料稻草处理,显著高于对照处理。施肥是加速红壤母质熟化的主要途径和方法。(3)对于不同处理方式,作物归还条件下其作物产量要高于不归还。(4)供试的3种土壤在熟化的过程中对植被的影响非常明显,在熟化的初期,许多作物在花岗岩发育的和第四纪红土发育的土壤上,都生长不好,然而在施有NPK的处理中,马唐草(Dischaemum Schreb)生长特别茂盛(覆盖度100%,高lm),明显地影响了土壤的水热状况,紫色土上马唐草生长不好。(5)种植小麦和黄豆,花岗岩、四纪红土NPK处理靠小区水泥梗边缘要好,小区中间95%部分长势差,叶片淡黄,植株矮小。(6)花岗岩红壤和第四纪红壤二种母质熟化24年后(即2005年)种植豆科作物—黄豆和禾本科作物小麦(2006年),其作物产量均表现为:0M>NPK。     

家蚕混精杂交的实验生物学研究

利用染色体替换法研制出具有标志基因、又可在子代明确区分的二种精子活力相同的材料——临皓普、临皓素.以这两个材料进行二雄交一雌的混精杂交试验,研究不同交配时间、交配次序对受精选择性的影响.结果,第一雄蛾交配25或30分钟的子代中,素蚕和普斑蚕开差很大,交配50或60分钟,两种类型比例接近,x~2检验理论值与实际值相符.交配次序中,属后交雄蛾的类型略多,交配时间和次序的不同,对选择受精的影响较大,本文对上述问题进行了讨论.     

蓝狐精子受精能力的研究——体外常温保存精子存活率的检测

本试验对３０ 只进口芬兰大体型种公狐的１１２ 份精液于１９９８ 和１９９９ 年度的两个繁殖季节进行了精子存活率的检测。结果表明：进口的芬兰大体型种公狐人工授精的可利用率为８３－４ ％ ；精子的平均总存活时间分别为Ａ 组２６－０ ｈ ，Ｂ 组２１－７ ｈ，Ｃ 组５ ｈ ；精子的平均生存指数为Ａ 组１６－６ ，Ｂ 组１０－８ ，Ｃ 组０－８ 。     

滴灌施肥条件下氮钾分配时期对甘蔗产量和品质的影响

滴灌施肥技术是现代可持续农业发展的一项综合管理技术措施.本试验采用露天盆栽进行甘蔗种植,设置了滴灌条件下4个氮钾分配时期,同时设置了一个常规种植方式作对比.研究结果表明,滴灌施肥显著促进了甘蔗的生长,在施用常规氮钾肥用量1/2的情况下,比常规施肥获得更高的甘蔗产量.滴灌条件下,氮钾不同分配时期对甘蔗产量和品质有显著影响.通过滴灌系统按甘蔗"苗期、分蘖期一伸长期一成熟期"以20%一60%一20%的氟钾肥料比例分多次施用的处理效果最好,甘蔗的茎长、产量、甘蔗品质、甘蔗根系等都优于其他的分配方式,其单茎重达1.92 kg,甘蔗蔗糖分含量达到17.26%.通过滴灌系统合理施用氮钾肥既有经济效益,又有环境效益.     

滴灌条件下不同施钾量对甘蔗产质量的影响

为了评估甘蔗生产上应用滴灌施肥技术的效应，比较了滴灌系统及传统方法施用钾肥对甘蔗产量和品质的影响以甘蔗品种粤糖00—236为试材．进行了1年（2006～2007）露天盆栽滴灌种植试验。设置了4个通过滴灌系统施用的钾肥（KCl）水平，K1：10g／盆，K2：15g／盆，K3：20g／盆和K4：30g／盆，滴灌各处理施尿素15g／盆，和1个常规施肥方式（肥料施用量为尿素30g／盆和KCl30g／盆）。试验结果表明．滴灌施肥显著促进了甘蔗的生长．比常规施肥的甘蔗产量获得显著提高，K1、K2、K3和K4处理的每盆蔗茎收获量分别比常规管理的增加了19．2％、38．6％、45．9％和56．4％、滴灌条件下，施钾量不同对甘蔗产质量有显著影响．甘蔗产量随施钾量的增加而增加．但过多施用钾肥对甘蔗品质有负面影响.在甘蔗生产上应用滴灌施肥技术，可以节省钾肥的施用量。而且钾肥用量为常规推荐施用量的一半即可获得较常规施犯高三成以上的产量，通过滴灌系统施用钾肥既有经济效益．又有环境效益．     

The effect of various nitrogen fertilization and foliar nutrition regimes on the concentrations of nitrates,ammonium ions,dry matter and N-total in carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots

Two field experiments (Experiment I in 2003–2005 and Experiment II in 2004–2005) with carrot c.v. ‘Kazan F₁’ were conducted at Trzciana village (50°06′N, 21°85′E). The experiments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. Two sub-blocks were identified in both experiments: I, without foliar nutrition; II, receiving plant foliar nutrition. The plants were sprayed three times alternately with: 2% urea solution, 1% solution of multi-component ‘Supervit R’ fertilizer (produced by Intermag, Poland) and again with 2% urea solution. Combinations with diversified nitrogen fertilization were distinguished within both sub-blocks. Experiment I comprised of: (1) Control, (2) Ca(NO₃)₂ 70, (3) Ca(NO₃)₂ 70 + 70, (4) (NH₄)₂SO₄ 70 and (5) (NH₄)₂SO₄ 70 + 70. Experiment II included: (1) Control, (2) ENTEC-26 35 + 35, (3) ENTEC-26 70 + 70, (4) ENTEC 26 105 + 105, (5) NH₄NO₃ 35 + 35, (6) NH₄NO₃ 70 + 70, (7) NH₄NO₃ 105 + 105. Where 70 kg N ha⁻¹ was used before sowing, whereas 35 + 35, 70 + 70 and 105 + 105 kg N ha⁻¹ were applied before sowing and as top dressing. Solid nitrogen fertilizer was added to the soil (produced by): Ca(NO₃)₂, Yara International ASA (Hydro); (NH₄)₂SO₄, Zak?ady Azotowe in Tarnów, Poland; NH₄NO₃, Zak?ady Azotowe in Pu?awy, Poland; and ENTEC-26, COMPO GmbH & Co. KG, Germany. The research aimed at determining the effect of diversified nitrogen fertilization and foliar nutrition on NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, N-total and dry matter (d.m.) concentrations in carrot, and N uptake by storage roots. In Experiment I, nitrogen fertilization did not affect NO₃⁻ concentration, whereas in Experiment II, the applied N treatment increased NO₃⁻ concentration in carrot in relation to the control, except for the storage roots of plants fertilized with ENTEC-26 35 + 35. Nitrogen fertilization applied in both experiments caused a significant increase in N-total concentration in carrot and N uptake by storage roots in comparison with the control plants. In both experiments, nitrogen fertilization had a different effect on the concentrations of NH₄⁺ and d.m. in carrot. What is more, foliar nutrition treatments in both experiments had a different effect on the concentrations on NO₃⁻, N-total, d.m. in carrot and N uptake by carrot storage roots.     

杉木新造幼林施肥方案优选的初步研究

杉木新造幼林不同施肥方案的试验结果表明,施肥对杉木新造幼树生长具有明显的促进作用。经多目标决策分析确定,造林前施基肥钙镁磷600 kg.hm-2、造林当年追肥施复合肥180 kg.hm-2为最佳施肥方案,其次为施基肥钙镁磷600 kg.hm-2、追肥施尿素180 kg.hm-2。生产上可根据实际情况选择应用。     

施肥量对水稻准两优527产量和营养动态的影响

贵州省黔南苗族布依族自治州属于中国西部丘原山地，平均海拔1100m，岩溶地貌发育典型，土壤贫瘠且宜耕作性较差，耕作粗放，作物的产量一直不高。农民为了提高作物的产量，大量施用无机肥料，肥料利用效率逐步降低，而且肥料的大量施用已经引起了严重的环境问题，因此合理运筹肥料是提高肥料利用率、减少污染的重要措施。     

大面积用材林代化栽培模式技术

林业生产要达到当今经济技术条件下最大限度的速生、丰产、优质、高效稳定和持续，不仅要有良种壮苗，还要做好造林地调查与规划，做到适地适树、适时适法，这是实现林业优化栽培模式的前提与保证；同时，造林树种选择、造林时间、密度确定、种植点配置、栽培方法、林木施肥、营造混交林以及森林保护、造林地设保护带、造林地留栽补植苗，这一系列均是用材林优化栽培模式的重要技术措施。