木瓜蛋白酶凝固大豆蛋白质机理

本文研究了木瓜蛋白酶对豆浆的凝固机理，通过酶反应过程中游离氨基和蛋白质表面疏水性的变化，初步确定酶法凝固的机理是在酶的作用下，蛋白质暴露了一些疏水基,并立即通过蛋白质分子间的疏水相互作用结合成凝胶。     

Calcium and magnesium interactions in browning of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples with bitter pit

The role of Ca and Mg in the enzymatic browning of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was explored. Enzymatic browning due to polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was stimulated with the addition of 0.8–10 mM MgCl₂ to the reaction mixture, whereas 0.8–10 mM CaCl₂ had little effect or decreased the rate of enzymatic browning. Within a week after vacuum infiltration with MgCl₂, treated fruits exhibited browning symptoms that were similar to bitter pit. Six months after vacuum infiltration, when analyzed for enzyme activity, MgCl₂-treated fruits exhibited higher rates of PPO activity, whereas CaCl₂-treated fruits had lower activity than the MgCl₂-treated fruits and the controls. A hypothesis is advanced that the initial visible symptoms of bitter pit, i.e. the localized browning, is caused by PPO, its activity being stimulated by the localized Mg/Ca imbalance present in the tissue. The results indicate that Ca is predominant in the prevention of this disorder, whereas a deficiency of Ca is involved in its induction.     

Demonstration of inflammatory cell population changes in rat lungs in response to intratracheal instillation of spring wheat dust using lung enzymatic digestion and centrifugal elutriation

The inhalation of grain dust by grain workers is responsible for a large number of pulmonary pathophysiologies. These problems may be acute or chronic and may be mediated by the chronic activation of the immune system. Constant inflammatory states in the lung may eventually lead to tissue damage and respiratory deficit. This study was designed to measure the changes in the relative number of inflammatory cells in peripheral blood, bronchoalveolar spaces, and lung interstitium that occur in response to intratracheally instilled airborne spring wheat dust in rats. It was found that 6h after instillation with dust, neutrophils were present in greater numbers in the blood and bronchoalveolar spaces than in lung interstitium. After 24h, there appeared to be a larger number of neutrophils in the lung interstitium in dust-instilled animals than in saline-instilled controls. These results indicate that intratracheal instillation of grain dust initiates an acute inflammatory reaction, and that there is an initial influx of neutrophils into the air spaces of the lung followed by transit of these cells into the lung interstitium.     

玉米芯木聚糖的碱法提取及其酶解产物研究

为了探明碱法提取玉米芯木聚糖的最适条件,对玉米芯木聚糖的提取条件进行了研究,并对提取的不同木聚糖进行酶解。结果表明:碱法提取玉米芯木聚糖时,在100g/L NaOH、1∶20固液比、60℃、3h的条件下进行一次性提取,木聚糖得率达29.45%。提取液离心可得到纯度达80.5%的水不溶性木聚糖(wis-X),乙醇沉淀得到的水溶性木聚糖(ws-X)纯度为6.4%。wis-X的酶解产物是木糖和3种低聚木糖,ws-X的酶解产物是葡萄糖和3种低聚木糖。因此,玉米芯是制备wis-X和低聚木糖的理想原料,从简化工艺和节约成本角度考虑,碱提前不需稀酸预处理,适宜条件下提取1次即可。     

橄榄浓缩汁加工过程中的褐变类型

通过检测橄榄浓缩汁加工过程中的多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,多酚、VC、5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)含量和褐变度等指标,研究整个加工过程中各阶段的褐变类型,分析褐变机制.结果表明:橄榄浓缩汁在加工过程中,热烫基本抑制了橄榄汁的酶促褐变,全过程以非酶促褐变为主;VC氧化褐变持续存在,加工过程中损失了90%以上;热烫、酶解和浓缩阶段发生了美拉德反应,最终5-HMF的含量升高至0.9174 mg·L-1.     

磷酸预处理对小麦秸秆酶解糖化的影响

为提高小麦秸秆木质纤维素的能源化利用效率,在常压温和条件下用磷酸对小麦秸秆进行预处理,研究了预处理秸秆颗粒度、固液比、温度、时间对小麦秸秆酶解糖化率的影响,并用扫描式电镜分析了预处理前后小麦秸秆结构的变化.结果表明,在小麦秸秆颗粒度60目、固液比1.0∶8.5、温度70℃、处理时间1.0h的预处理条件下,小麦秸秆酶解糖化率50 min时从25.4％(未预处理)提高到70.3％(预处理).SEM分析表明,经磷酸预处理后小麦秸秆崩解为碎片,为后续的酶解糖化提供了良好的条件.     

酶-超声波法提取红薯茎叶中绿原酸的工艺研究

以红薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam]茎叶为原料,采用酶-超声波提取绿原酸.对料液比、加酶量、超声功率和超声时间进行了单因素和正交试验.确定绿原酸提取的最佳工艺为料液比1∶20、加酶量1.5％、超声波功率175W、提取时间20 min,在此条件下,绿原酸的提取率为3.45％.     

预处理工艺对水酶法提取甜杏仁油提取率的影响研究

甜杏仁中含有较高的油脂,为提高其提取率,采用响应面法优化预处理工艺对水酶法提取甜杏仁油提取率的影响.在单因素实验的基础上,采用Design-Expert7.1.6Trial软件设计进行响应曲面优化实验,结果表明:预处理工艺能明显提高甜杏仁油提取率,最佳工艺参数为热处理温度52.68℃,热处理时间17.9 min,打浆时间为7 min,在此条件下甜杏仁油的提取率为55.44％.     

分步酶解法生产糙米汁饮料工艺条件研究

糙米经过烘烤、粉碎、糊化,分步酶解后离心,取上清液得到米汤。然后添加其他配料,制备成饮料。结果表明,糙米原汁生产工艺:发芽红糙米经烘烤、粉碎、糊化后,分布酶解。第一步酶解α-淀粉酶用量0.6%,反应时间30 min;第二步酶解纤维素酶用量0.3‰,反应时间30 min;第三步酶解糖化酶用量2‰,蛋白酶用量0.3‰,反应时间3.5 h,获得糙米原汁。成品最佳配方为:糙米原汁40%,蔗糖6%,柠檬酸1.5‰,蔗糖脂肪酸酯添加量为0.1‰,单甘酯0.12‰,黄原胶0.2‰,羧甲基纤维素钠0.3‰。     

天津地区不同年限设施土壤pH及酶活性变化

以天津地区露地土壤作对照,研究了栽培1,2,3,6,12年设施蔬菜土壤有关生物学指标的变化。结果表明,设施土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶活性高于露地,过氧化物酶相反;随着连作年限延长,土壤脲酶活性逐渐增强,而过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、转化酶活性开始增强之后减弱。土壤酶活性都由表层向底层逐渐减弱。土壤pH随着栽培年限增加呈逐渐降低趋势。