吉林省主要粮食作物比较优势分析

根据比较优势理论，应用综合比较优势指数法对吉林省玉米、水稻、大豆三种主要粮食作物在1997-2005年间的比较优势变动趋势进行了分析，其结果表明：三种作物中，玉米具有明显的比较优势，大豆次之，水稻则处于劣势，但呈现出稳步上升的趋势；并在此基础上提出了吉林省主要粮食作物结构调整的建议。     

农作物秸秆综合开发利用技术研究

农作物秸秆是农业生产的主要副产品，也是工农业生产的重要资源。本文介绍了农作物秸秆综合利用概况，论述了当前农作物秸秆综合利用的技术方法，提出了农作物秸秆未来综合开发利用的基本途径。     

Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of Moscatel field-grown grapevines

The grapevine plays a very important role in the economic, social and cultural sectors of many regions; however vineyards are often grown in regions under stressful conditions and thus they are vulnerable to climate change. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation on vine water relations, vegetative growth, plant microclimate, berry composition and yield components, compared to conventional deficit irrigation (DI, 50% ETc), full irrigation (FI, 100% of ETc) and non-irrigated vines (NI). The study was undertaken in mature ‘Moscatel’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Pegões, South of Portugal. Compared to the other irrigated treatments, PRD vines showed a better microclimate at the cluster zone with higher incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Within the more open canopies of NI and PRD treatments, berry temperatures were higher than those of denser ones (DI and FI). Compared to the conventional irrigation technique the better microclimate observed in PRD vines was a consequence of a reduction in vine growth, where lower values of leaf layer number, leaf area, canopy wideness, water shoots and shoot weight were observed. In PRD vines we observed a tendency to a development of a deeper root system, while DI and FI showed a more homogeneous root distribution throughout the different soil layers. PRD showed an improvement in berry quality with higher values of flavour precursors, and total phenols concentration without any significant yield reduction compared to DI and FI.     

未来气候变化情景下我国主要粮食作物产量变化模拟

采用气候模式BCC-T63与作物模式WOFOST相结合的研究方法,在多年试验数据和模型适宜性验证的基础上,模拟分析了未来100 a(2000～2100年)气候变化情景下我国主要粮食作物发育和产量变化趋势.主要的粮食作物选取东北区域的玉米、华北区域的冬小麦和南方区域的双季稻.东北区域为东经120°～135°,北纬40°～50°,主要以黑龙江、吉林和辽宁三省区为研究对象;华北区域为东经111°～123°,北纬35°～41°,主要包括京、晋、冀和鲁等地;南方区域为东经109°～120°,北纬25°～30°,主要包括湖南、湖北以及江西等地.结果表明:东北地区玉米生育期会缩短,其中,中熟玉米平均缩短3.8 d,晚熟玉米平均缩短1.4 d,产量也会相应地下降,中热玉米平均减产3.3%,晚熟玉米平均减产2.7%;华北地区冬小麦的生育期平均缩短8.4 d;产量平均减产10.1%;南方早稻生育期平均缩短4.9 d,晚稻生育期平均缩短4.4 d,早稻的产量变化范围为1.9%～-9.5%,平均减产3.6%,晚稻的产量变化范围为2.2%～-7.3%,平均减产2.8%.     

Simulation study of the competitive ability of erect, semi-erect and prostrate cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes

Ecophysiological simulation models provide a quantitative method to predict the effects of management practices, plant characteristics and environmental factors on crop and weed growth and competition. The INTERCOM interplant competition model was parameterised, calibrated by monoculture data for three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes that differed in growth habit, common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), and used to simulate competition of cowpea cover crops with sunflower or purslane. The simulation results were compared with observations from field competition experiments in 2003 and 2004. INTERCOM more accurately simulated actual field data for the competition of cowpea genotypes and sunflower than companion field experiments for the competition of cowpea and purslane. The validated simulation model of cowpea and sunflower at two densities was used to study the effects of cowpea growth habit on final biomass production of cowpea and sunflower. The model suggested that erect growth habit was more competitive than semi‐erect and prostrate growth habit, when cowpea genotypes were grown with sunflower. Cowpea leaf area distribution was important to higher cowpea biomass production, while cowpea height growth was important to reduce sunflower biomass. Our simulation approach is suggested as a method for crop breeders to gauge the likely success of selection for competitive crops before undertaking expensive long‐term breeding experiments.     

除草剂对作物产生药害的原因及治理对策

本文论述了我国除草剂使用过程中作物产生药害的主要原因和除草剂药害的治理对策。提出:除草剂使用不合理,除草剂和作物本身的因素,异常的环境条件是药害产生的主要原因。杜绝假冒伪劣及不合格产品,加强除草剂试验、示范、推广工作,深化除草剂应用技术研究,加强农民用药技术水平培训是除草剂安全使用应解决的问题。     

杂交狼尾草作为能源植物的研究进展

杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americahum×P.Purpureum)系美洲狼尾草(P.americahum)与象草(P.Purpureum)的种间杂交种,是多年生高大C4草本植物,已作为造纸、饲料原料等被广泛应用,是中国有前景的非粮能源植物之一。笔者以非粮生物质原料生产和生物质转化利用为中心,针对杂交狼尾草的生物学特征、遗传特性与良种选育、产量、品质特征和生物质转化利用、生态适应能力和生态效益、栽培及管理技术等方面的研究进展和存在的问题进行了详细阐述,并展望杂交狼尾草作为能源植物的研发前景。认为虽然杂交狼尾草存在对土壤条件要求高、在北方地区不能越冬等缺点,但较其他能源植物具有显著的产量优势,在条件较好的边际土地和污染农田上具有广阔的利用前景。     

基于时间序列MODIS的农作物类型空间制图方法

为快速获取大范围种植结构复杂区域的作物种植面积,以MODIS数据为数据源,选择归一化植被指数(Normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、增强植被指数(Enhanced vegetation index,EVI)、宽动态植被指数(Wide dynamic range vegetation index,WDRVI)、地表水分指数(Land surface water index,LSWI)、归一化雪被指数(Normalized difference snow index,NDSI)5种特征,结合同步的实地调查样本点,采用支持向量机算法(Support vector machines,SVM)提取黑龙江省主要农作物的种植面积。研究表明,在待选特征中NDVI、EVI与LSWI指数组合取得了最高的分类精度,总体分类精度为74.18%,Kappa系数为0.60;支持向量机算法与最大似然算法、随机森林算法相比,分类精度更优。该方法为在大区域中提取农作物种植面积提供了参考价值。     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

Early flower initiation allows ample manipulation of flowering time in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.)

Flower initiation date and readiness to flowering in buds of different age were studied in ‘Fino de Jete’ cherimoya (Annona cherimola) cultivar in order to establish the limits for the manipulation of its flowering date. Flower initiation was analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) collecting axillary buds from May to the following February, whereas the bud readiness to produce perfect flowers was determined by forcing buds of different age to sprout by means of leaf removal and tipping the new growth. SEM images confirm that cherimoya buds are differentiated into flowers almost a year before blooming. In this regard, axillary buds have already formed the sepals when the subtending leaf has just begun unfolding (week 0), while the petals are clearly visible in 1-week-old buds. Sectioning of paraffin-embedded buds illustrate that cherimoya buds are in fact a bud complex that 1 week after its inception comprises 4–5 buds of different size of which the two largest ones are reproductive, while the 2–3 smallest buds often remain undifferentiated at that time. The high capacity of flowering expressed by young buds that have been forced to grow proves that cherimoya meristems are early competent for flowering. No differences in fertility or in the time needed to reach anthesis after leaf removal were found among buds of different ages. Node position had no effect on bud break and flowering potential. The early flower initiation in cherimoya deduced from this work opens a wide temporal window for the experimental manipulation of flowering and harvest dates in this crop.