大都市边缘区三级基本农田集中保护区分级划定及调控机制

针对大都市边缘区城市拓展与农地保护矛盾尖锐、景观破碎化、权属细碎化、整体布局稳定性差等问题,开展三级基本农田集中保护区分级划定及调控机制研究,对大都市边缘区保红线保发展促集约促创新具有重要意义。该文以北京市昌平区为例,提出三级基本农田集中保护区划定的总体思路,构建基本农田集中保护区识别指标体系,划定基本农田集中保护区,并将基本农田集中保护区分为市区乡三级,在此基础上探讨基本农田集中保护区分级调控机制。研究划定了1个市级基本农田集中保护区、6个区级基本农田集中保护区、6个乡级基本农田集中保护区,规划土地整治复耕1 149.97 hm2,使单位基本农田经营规模提高到38.76 hm2,使3 hm2以下细小图斑降低至1.21%,实现了昌平区内96.63%的基本农田集中连片保护,建立了规划调控、用途管制、奖惩联动分级调控机制。研究结果可为国家制定基本农田保护区分级保护政策和开展同类研究提供参考,为地方政府提高基本农田保护区保护质量和管理效率提供思路借鉴。     

Using the soil gas radon as an indicator for ground contamination by non-aqueous phase-liquids

1 The Problem  One of the major problems facing risk assessment at polluted industrial sites and military bases is subsurface contamination by non-aqueous phase-liquids (NAPLs), since tracing the extent of a NAPL plume using conventional methods (drive point profiling) is usually associated with difficulties. In an effort to trace subsurface contamination as precisely as possible, monitoring points are placed in the area that might be affected by contaminants, and groundwater and soil samples are taken to the laboratory for analysis. However, the final number of monitoring points is hardly ever sufficient for distinctive contamination mapping, and this may ultimately result in an unsuitable remediation action being taken. 2 Objectives  To obtain a more detailed image of a subsurface NAPL plume and, hence, to facilitate remediation measures that are best suited for the site in question, a denser network of monitoring points is desirable. The aim of the investigation described in this paper was therefore to develop a new detection method for subsurface NAPL contamination, which is based on an easily accessibleindicator for NAPLs rather than on the analysis of soil and groundwater samples taken at the site. Based on the good solubility of radon in NAPLs, the idea was put forward that subsurface NAPL contamination should have an influence on the natural radon concentration of the soil gas. Provided this effect is significant, it would be possible to carry out a straightforward radon survey on an appropriate sampling grid covering the suspected site and thus enabling the NAPL contamination to be detected by the localization of anomalous low radon concentrations in the soil. The overall aim of the investigation was to assess the general suitability of the soil-gas radon concentration as an indirect tracer for NAPL contamination in the ground. 3 Methods  The partitioning coefficient K_NAPL/air is one of the most influential parameters governing the decrease of the radon concentration in the soil gas in the presence of a subsurface NAPL contamination. Since NAPL mixtures such as gasoline, diesel fuel and paraffin are among the most important NAPLs regarding remediation activities, laboratory experiments were performed to determine the radon-partitioning coefficient for these three NAPL mixtures. Field experiments were carried out as well. The aim of the field experiments was to test the use of the soil-gas radon concentration as a tracer for NAPL contamination on-site. For the field experiments, each site was covered with a suitable grid of soil gas sampling points. Finally, the lateral radon distribution pattern achieved on each of the sites was compared to the respective findings of the earlier research performed by conventional means. 4 Results and Discussion  The results of the laboratory experiments clearly show a very strong affinity of radon to the NAPL mixtures examined. The partitioning coefficients achieved correspond to those published for pure NAPLs (Clever 1979) and are thus in the expected range. The results of the field experiments showed that the minimum radon concentrations detected match the respective NAPL plumes traced previously. 5 Conclusions  Both the results of the lab experiments and the on-site findings demonstrate that the soil-gas radon concentration can be used as an indicator for subsurface NAPL contamination. The investigation showed that NAPL-contaminated soil volumes give rise to anomalous low soil-gas radon concentrations in the close vicinity of the contamination. The reason for this decrease in the soil-gas radon concentration is the good solubility of radon in NAPLs, which enables the NAPLs to accumulate and ‘trap’ part of the radon available in the soil pores. 6 Recommendations and Outlook  Further research is required into contamination with rather volatile NAPLs such as BTEX. Further research is also needed to examine whether it is possible to not only localize a NAPL plume, but also to obtain some quantitative information about the subsurface NAPL contamination. The authors also believe that additional investigations should be carried out to study the ability of the method to not just localize a NAPL contamination, but also to monitor on-site, clean-up measures.     

重庆市主城区街道地表物中重金属的污染特征

分析了重庆市主城区街道地表物的基本性质及As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg，Ni、Pb，Zn等元索的全置、模拟酸雨（pH4．5）的浸出量。结果表明：各功能区中街道地表物的自然组成均以中等粒径的为主；就元素而言，粒径越细对重金属的贡献率越高；就功能区而言．细粒径与中等粒径的颗粒对重金属贡献率较为接近。街道地表物呈碱性，有潜在的有机物污染。重庆市主城区街道地表物重金属元素含量有较大的差异，受人为活动干扰严重的重金属种类为Cr、Cd、Hg、Cu。内梅罗指数评价结果显示除Ni外，其他元素均有不同程度的污染，各功能区均受到重金属的严重污染。重庆市主城区街道地表物中的重金属只与其中的磷素含量显著正相关。     

基于生产生活可达性的农村居民点整治分区及模式

农村居民点整治应满足农户生产生活的需求,提高农村居民点的生产生活可达性。该文从生产生活可达性切入,以农村居民点生产生活可达性作为整治分区和采取何种整治模式的依据,从生产可达性和生活可达性两方面出发构建生产生活可达性评价指标体系,采用空间可达性测度方法和指标综合评判法计算得到农村居民点(斑块)生产生活可达性,将其分为I、II、III、IV 4个等级,分别对应发展区、优化区、引导区和拆迁区。根据整治分区并结合实际情况,划分了城镇化发展模式、城乡统筹发展模式、综合优化模式、辐射引导模式、增减挂钩模式和生态搬迁模式等6种整治模式,并对整治思路和具体做法做了探讨。该研究尝试将生产生活可达性评价结果应用于农村居民点整治,对有序整治农村居民点和改善提高农村人居环境有指导意义。     

城市边缘森林公园功能分区方法研究

本文在对城市边缘森林公园分区理论研究的基础上,全面考量森林公园的功能性、适宜性、生态性、多样性、开发利用的立体性等诸多特点,从理论支持到各分区方法以及方法间优劣势对比,利用数学方法和现代空间信息技术方法深化森林功能分区研究,使森林功能分区工作进一步科学化、规范化和标准化,以提升城市边缘土地利用价值,实现社会、经济、生态...     

基于多源空间数据的"三生"空间异质性评价与分区划定

为优化"三生"空间评价方法体系,探索海南岛"三生"空间聚集性与协调度特征并制定有效的空间分区方案,该研究从空间异质性角度出发,采用多源空间数据从栅格尺度上对同地类不同地块的"三生"空间功能进行评价,再通过空间自相关及三角坐标图分析乡镇尺度上"三生"空间的聚集性与协调度特征,并为国土空间优化提供相关分区方案。结果表明:1)海南岛生产空间高分值区域集中分布在沿海市县,呈"四周高、中间低,北部高、南部低"的分布特征,且城镇生产空间与农业生产空间有所差异;生活空间高分值区域多集中在各市县城镇范围内,整体呈"小集聚、大分散"的空间格局;生态空间高分值区域集中在中部地区,呈"中间高、四周低,南部高、北部低"的分布格局。2)乡镇尺度上海南岛生产、生活、生态空间功能值的Moran’sI指数分别为0.569,0.221和0.716,表现出空间自相关性特征,据此面向全岛提出基于空间聚集性的"三生"空间分区方案。3)海南岛各乡镇"三生"空间存在较大的协调度差异,高值区以生态主导和"三生"协调型为主,分别占乡镇总数的51.72%与43.97%;低值区则以生态主导型为主,占乡镇总数的72.41%,据此面向全岛提出基于空间协调度的"三生"空间分区方案。该研究有效识别了同地类不同地块"三生"空间的异质性,并从空间聚集性与协调度视角提出"三生"空间分区管制方案,能够为当前国土空间优化提供参考。     

基于"三线"统筹的省域永久基本农田布局优化规则与实证研究

统筹永久基本农田保护红线、生态保护红线、城镇开发边界来优化永久基本农田空间布局能够更好地保住优质耕地资源、保障国家粮食安全。该研究应用文献研究法和归纳总结法，系统梳理了永久基本农田保护红线、生态保护红线 、城镇开发边界（以下简称"三线"）划定的政策法规，建立了"三线"统筹下的省域永久基本农田布局优化规则，并以广西壮族自治区为例进行了验证。结果表明：1）选择耕地国家利用等和集中连片程度进行了永久基本农田"三线"统筹划定，退出了生态保护红线核心区内所有永久基本农田7 413.46 hm2，并将5 073.05 hm2优质连片的永久基本农田以"开天窗"的形式保留在了生态保护红线一般区和城镇开发边界内；2）广西全区退出永久基本农田1 426 540.77 hm2，主要是标注为工程恢复和未标注的非耕地，补划了永久基本农田525 614.37 hm2，主要是生态保护红线和城镇开发边界外优质连片的耕地，布局优化后的永久基本农田保护率高达85.62%；3）布局优化后的永久基本农田全为耕地且与生态保护红线、城镇开发边界之间无交叉重叠，集中连片的永久基本农田达到95.08%，无重度和极重度污染损毁、石漠化和25°以上坡耕地，永久基本农田国家利用等提高了0.06等。建立的永久基本农田布局优化规则实现了"保护优先、布局优化、优近劣出、质量提升、三线统筹"的目标，能够为各省份指导市县统筹三条控制线划定永久基本农田保护红线提供思路借鉴。     

协助自然修复微量元素污染酸性土壤研究：8年田间试验

There are many remediation techniques for organic contaminated soils,but relatively few of them are applicable to trace elementcontaminated soils.A field experiment was carried out to investigate assisted natural remediation（ANR） of an acid soil contaminated by As,Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb using one inorganic amendment,sugar beet lime（SL）,and two organic amendments,biosolid compost（BC）and leonardeite（LE）.The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four treatments in three replicates:1) a non-amended control（NA）;2) SL amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1;3) BC amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 4) LE amended at 20 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 plus SL amended at 10 Mg ha^-1 year^-1（LESL）.The amended plots received two doses of each amendment（DO2）:one in October 2002 and another in October 2003.The plots were then divided in half into two subpolts and one subplot received another two doses of the same amendments（DO4） in October 2005 and October 2006.In 2011,the pH values of the amended soils were greater than that of the NA soil,with the SL-amended soil showing the highest pH.Total organic carbon（TOC） was also greater in the amended soil,and greater with DO4 than with DO2.Amendments reduced the concentrations of 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂-extractable Cd,Cu and Zn,especially in the SL-amended soil.Plant cover of colonizing vegetation was enhanced by amendments,but was independent of amendment doses.Changes in soil properties from 2003 to 2011 showed that the first amendment application of DO2 caused a high differentiation between all the amendment treatments and the NA treatment.After the second application of DO2,soil pH and TOC continued increasing slowly.Further two applications of amendments（DO4） caused differences only in the organic treatments.Plant cover increased over time in all the treatments including NA.It could be concluded that the slow and steady natural remediation of this soil could be enhanced by amendment application（ANR）.     

Biodegradation of Monoethanolamine,Ethylene Glycol and Triethylene Glycol in Laboratory Bioreactors

The release of alkanolamines and glycols into the subsurface soils poses a potential hazard to the environment through impacted soil and groundwater. This study investigated aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of monoethanolamine (MEA), ethylene glycol (MEG) and triethylene glycol (TEG). Significant levels of MEA (31 000 mg/kg), MEG (500 mg/kg) and TEG (2100 mg/kg) were successfully aerobically biodegraded in bioreactors. The aerobic slurry experiments suggested initial phosphate (P) limitation, as biodegradation rates increased by one order of magnitude after phosphate addition. Anaerobic decay of MEA, MEG and TEG was unaffected by P-addition. MEA, MEG and TEG degradation products such as acetate, ethanol and ammonium at about 75 000 mg/kg, 8100 mg/kg and 8800 mg/kg degraded completely and did not prevent aerobic biodegradation. This study confirms proposed biodegradation pathways of MEA, MEG, TEG and their breakdown products in natural soil and groundwater using indigenous microbes. Levels of contamination studied here are significantly higher than previously reported.     

Salt marsh rhizosphere affects microbial biotransformation of the widespread halogenated contaminant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA)

Estuarine sediments are the repository for a wide range of contaminants. Anthropogenic impacts and variations in the belowground biomass of salt marsh plants potentially select for different sediment microbial communities with different functional capabilities, including the ability to biotransform anthropogenic contaminants. There are large differences in both root morphology and the amount of fine root biomass of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis; Spartina is the species commonly used to replace Phragmites in northeastern US salt marsh restoration projects. Our study compared the effect of these two macrophyte species on sediment microbial communities responsible for the biotransformation of the halogenated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Sediments were obtained from contaminated and uncontaminated salt marsh field sites in New Jersey. Anaerobic methanogenic sediment microcosms were established and incubated for up to 130 days. TBBPA was reductively dehalogenated resulting in the transient formation of two intermediates, identified as tribromobisphenol A and dibromobisphenol A, and the formation and accumulation of bisphenol A (BPA) as the end product. Spartina sediments from both sites were found to dehalogenate TBBPA more rapidly than the Phragmites or unvegetated sediments, resulting in greater production of BPA. Microbial community diversity as measured by in situ sediment phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition prior to TBBPA exposure, was found to be higher in the uncontaminated sediments; differences in microbial PLFA diversity were not seen in contaminated sediments associated with either the different plant species or unvegetated sediment. The results of this study demonstrate that these two plant species affected sediment microbial community function with respect to dehalogenation capabilities, even though the disturbed and undisturbed sediments varied in microbial community composition.