Effectiveness of Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma atroviride in suppression of sclerotinia blossom blight of alfalfa

The effects of the mycoparasites Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma atroviride on the suppression of alfalfa blossom blight caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were evaluated under indoor and field conditions. When T. atroviride (9·0 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (9·0 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) were applied to detached young alfalfa florets, T. atroviride effectively inhibited saprophytic growth of S. sclerotiorum, whereas C. minitans showed no inhibition under the same conditions. When T. atroviride (6·9 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (6·9 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) was applied to young alfalfa petals in vivo just after pollination, the percentage of pod formation was higher for T. atroviride+S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans+S. sclerotiorum, and the percentage of pod rot was lower for T. atroviride+S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans+S. sclerotiorum. However, when they were applied to senescent petals attached to developing pods of alfalfa at 9·2 × 10⁴ conidia/floret together with S. sclerotiorum at 4·5 × 10³ ascospores/floret at 14 days after pollination, C. minitans was more effective than T. atroviride in suppressing sclerotinia pod rot and seed rot of alfalfa. Field experiments showed that three applications of C. minitans (5·4 × 10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹) or T. atroviride (5·4 × 10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹) at a 7-day interval to blossoms of alfalfa effectively suppressed sclerotinia pod rot in two out of three annual trials. Coniothyrium minitans effectively suppressed sclerotinia seed rot in all three years, whereas T. atroviride was not effective against seed rot in any of the trial years. The efficacy of C. minitans was not significantly different (P > 0·05) from benomyl (250 µg ai mL⁻¹). This study suggests that C. minitans has potential as a biocontrol agent to control blossom blight of alfalfa caused by S. sclerotiorum.     

Control of Phytophthora cryptogea in the hydroponic forcing of witloof chicory with the rhamnolipid-based biosurfactant formulation PRO1

Rhamnolipids, extracellular metabolites of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with surfactant properties, proved to be very effective in controlling the spread of brown root rot disease caused by Phytophthora cryptogea in the hydroponic forcing system of witloof chicory ( Cichorium intybus var. foliosum ). The biosurfactant was applied as the product PRO1, a formulation of 25% rhamnolipids in oil. Both an in vitro screening and in vivo experiments in a mini-hydroponic system demonstrated the ability of PRO1 to control brown root rot. A 25  µ g mL⁻¹ rhamnolipids nutrient solution was enough to obtain good control of an artificial infection with a zoospore suspension of P. cryptogea . The biosurfactant PRO1 performed well in a semicommercial system under growers' conditions. A treatment of 25  µ g mL⁻¹ rhamnolipids (100  µ g mL⁻¹ PRO1) reduced the disease incidence significantly in two independent experiments. However, PRO1 was not effective when a mycelial suspension was used as inoculum. Rhamnolipids have good potential to limit the spread of P. cryptogea in the hydroponic forcing system of witloof chicory, and can be used as a preventive measure against brown root rot.     

Isolation, identification and molecular characterization of physiological races of apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

The development of apple varieties displaying durable resistance against powdery mildew is one of the major aims in apple breeding programmes worldwide. For a reliable judgment of the resistance of different Malus genotypes, an extended knowledge about the virulence of the pathogen is necessary. To prove the existence of physiological races of Podosphaera leucotricha , 31 monoconidial isolates of the obligate biotrophic fungus representing five locations within Europe have been established and maintained over a period of 3–4 years. The isolates were maintained on in vitro shoots of the highly susceptible apple cv. Gibb's Golden Gage. An AFLP-based DNA fingerprinting protocol was developed and, using 54 stably reproducible AFLP markers, a dendrogram revealed genetic variability among different isolates of P. leucotricha . Although the molecular characterization of the isolates showed an overall low level of genetic variability, the high phenotypic diversity among European isolates suggest that sexual reproduction may also be involved in the disease cycle of the pathogen in Europe. Phytopathological tests using detached leaves of a collection of 36 Malus genotypes allowed the differentiation of five selected isolates by their virulence patterns. A high level of diversity in terms of virulence was obtained in P. leucotricha. From the present study, based on apple breeding germplasm, cultivars and Malus species, it can be concluded that physiological races of P. leucotricha do indeed exist in Europe.     

N-｛5-[1-(2,4-二氯苯氧)乙基]-1,3,4-噻二唑-2-基｝ -N''-芳酰基硫脲的合成及其生物活性

通过2-氨基-5- -1,3,4-噻二唑与芳酰基异硫氰酸酯反应,合成了12 个新的芳酰基硫脲,采用核磁共振氢谱、红外光谱和元素分析确证了它们的结构。初步的生物活性测定试验表明,部分化合物具有良好的植物生长调节活性,其中化合物 2c、2j 具有较好的生长素活性,其促进率分别为26.6%与26.9%,但不及对照β-吲哚乙酸。     

柽柳有效天敌昆虫筛选标准的建立

参照前人对杂草天敌筛选标准、植物与昆虫互作理论和近年来对柽柳原产地主要天敌生物学特性的研究结果，制定出柽柳天敌遴选量化标准，共计10项特征，满分为47分。并以此对取食柽柳的12种天敌进行了筛选。柽柳条叶甲得分最高（43分），其次是斯氏伞锥象（41分），推荐这2种天敌昆虫作为首选天敌引入美国做进一步评价。     

球孢白僵菌对马铃薯块茎蛾的毒力及其与常用农药的生物相容性测定

室内测定了从云南分离的7株球孢白僵菌对马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫的毒力,结果表明,在接菌孢子浓度为10⁵个/mL和10⁷个/mL下,接种后7d马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫累积死亡率分别为23.3%～70.0%和33.3%～86.7%,添加吐温80的清水对照死亡率仅为3.3%。筛选出毒力较高的Bb7001、Bb7004、Bb8001 3个菌株,其中菌株Bb8001对马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫的毒力最高,在孢子浓度1×10⁵、1×10⁷个/mL下,第7天的累计死亡率分别为70.0%和86.7%,其毒力回归方程Y=0.366X+3.409(R=0.956),剂量效应LC₅₀=2.24×10⁴个/mL,孢子浓度10⁷个/mL下的LT₅₀为4.3d。测定了毒力较高的菌株与12种农药的生物相容性,结果表明在供试农药推荐用量及其101、00倍稀释液下,球孢白僵菌Bb7001、Bb7004、Bb8001的3个菌株孢子在含所选农药的营养液中生物相容性良好的农药有:苏云金芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂(Bt)、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、2.5%菜喜悬浮剂及松毛虫病毒可湿粉剂,可配伍使用;而阿维菌素、农安、卡死克、抑太保对球孢白僵菌有很强的抑制作用,应避免配伍使用。     

玉米纹枯病拮抗内生细菌的筛选

从玉米成株期根、茎组织中分离获得232株内生细菌,在离体条件下筛选获得20株对玉米纹枯病菌具有显著拮抗作用的内生细菌,其中7株为枯草芽孢杆菌,占拮抗菌株的35%.B20-120、B20-006、B20-122、B21-072、B21-016、B20-070等6株拮抗细菌的发酵液对玉米种子萌发没有影响,进一步对其内生性(以抗利福平120 mg·mL-1为标记)及其对玉米的促生作用和玉米纹枯病的防治效果进行了研究.结果表明,供试6个拮抗菌株对玉米生长没有抑制作用,有的甚至有促进作用,并且能在体内繁殖,具可转移性.拮抗菌株B20-006和B20-120对纹枯病的防治效果最好,菌液浸种处理苗期防治效果分别为67.9%和62.3%,成株期分别为40.2%和39.1%.     

浆角蚜小蜂防治温室白粉虱的应用研究

温室白粉虱是温室蔬菜的重要害虫,不仅由于取食造成这些植物的直接危害,而且还传播一些植物病毒病的病原.近年来,农民在温室中大量使用化学药剂来防治温室白粉虱,结果造成农药残留严重超标.本文采用生物防治的方法,对浆角蚜小蜂防治白粉虱的效果进行了研究与探讨.     

江西7个地方鸡品种遗传多样性的微卫星分析

选用30个多态性较好的微卫星标记．检测了丝毛鸟骨鸡、康乐鸡、宁都三黄鸡、余干乌骨鸡、瓦灰鸡、崇仁麻鸡、东乡绿壳蛋鸡等江西省7个地方鸡品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度（h）、多态信息含量（PIC）、群体间的Nei氏标准遗传距离（Ds）和DA遗传距离。结果表明．30个微卫星位点中有24个微卫星位点在7个鸡群体中的多态信息含量均为高度多态．可作为有效的遗传标记用于鸡品种的遗传多样性和系统发生关系的分析；在7个品种中．杂合度最低的是余干乌骨鸡．为0．6155．杂合度最高的是崇仁麻鸡．为0．6525，各地方鸡品种的杂合度都偏高，反映了群体的遗传多样性非常丰富；7个鸡品种间的DA、Ds遗传距离远近关系一致．但DA距离均比Ds距离大；用UPGMA法对DA和Ds的聚类结果相同．7个鸡品种被聚为3类．余干乌骨鸡、瓦灰鸡、康乐鸡、宁都三黄鸡聚为一类．崇仁麻鸡、东乡绿壳蛋鸡聚为一类．丝毛乌骨鸡独自为一类。     

Nutritional Enhancement of Biocontrol Activity of Candida sake (CPA-1) against Penicillium expansum on Apples and Pears

Pome fruits are poor in nitrogenous compounds and the addition of nitrogen can improve colonisation of the fruits by antagonists. Twenty-two nitrogenous compounds were evaluated for their effect on Candida sake (CPA-1) growth in vitro. Ten compounds that induced greater growth were applied with the antagonist to wounded fruits to evaluate their effect on enhancing control of Penicillium expansum. Calcium chloride and 2-deoxy-D-glucose were also tested. L-serine and L-aspartic acid enhanced biocontrol by C. sake against P. expansum on apples. On apples and pears, ammonium molybdate, calcium chloride and 2-deoxy-D-glucose improved the capacity of the antagonist to control P. expansum. The addition of ammonium molybdate at 1 mM allowed C. sake to be used on apples and pears at a lower concentration without diminishing control. Similar results were observed with the addition of calcium chloride to the antagonist. 2-deoxy-D-glucose at 6 and 18 mM enhanced biocontrol on pears by over 81%, but on apples the improvement of biocontrol was observed only at 6 mM. In cold storage, the combination of ammonium molybdate and C. sake completely eliminated the incidence of blue mould on pears, and reduced its severity and incidence by more than 80% on apples.