3种抗生素对尾巨桉愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的影响

【目的】研究潮霉素、卡那霉素和头孢霉素对尾巨桉愈伤组织诱导、不定芽分化及生根的影响,确立抑制农杆菌生长的头孢霉素质量浓度。【方法】以尾巨桉无菌苗茎段为外植体,先后接种于添加不同质量浓度抗生素的愈伤组织诱导培养基、不定芽诱导培养基以及生根培养基上,统计愈伤组织诱导率、不定芽诱导率和不定芽生根率,观察头孢霉素对农杆菌生长的影响。【结果】(1)培养基中的潮霉素、卡那霉素、头孢霉素的质量浓度分别为15,25,200 mg/L时,尾巨桉外植体的愈伤组织诱导率分别为6.7%,12.1%和26.7%;(2)潮霉素、卡那霉素、头孢霉素的质量浓度分别为15,25,250 mg/L时,不定芽分化受到明显抑制,不定芽诱导率分别仅有2.6%,10.2%和7.6%;(3)潮霉素、卡那霉素、头孢霉素的质量浓度分别为15,25,250 mg/L时,不定芽生根困难,生根率分别为10.2%,16.2%和10.1%;当头孢霉素质量浓度≥200 mg/L时,农杆菌生长被完全抑制。【结论】尾巨桉对不同抗生素的敏感性存在差异,在尾巨桉遗传转化过程中,抗性愈伤组织与不定芽诱导的潮霉素适宜质量浓度为10 mg/L,卡那霉素为20 mg/L;生根诱导适宜的潮霉素和卡那霉素的质量浓度分别为15 和25 mg/L;抑制农杆菌生长的头孢霉素较适宜的质量浓度为200 mg/L。     

绿色和有机蔬菜基地土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素的污染特征

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法,探讨了广州市某绿色蔬菜基地和有机蔬菜基地土壤中4种喹诺酮类抗生素的含量与分布特征。结果表明,土壤中各化合物的检出率除洛美沙星为85%以外,其余均为100%,平均含量为0.80～24.95μg.kg-1,以诺氟沙星(24.95μg.kg-1)为主,其次为环丙沙星(15.40μg.kg-1)和恩诺沙星(7.68μg.kg-1)。4种喹诺酮类化合物总含量在7.15～122.25μg.kg-1之间,主要分布在50～100μg.kg-1之间,平均为48.85μg.kg-1。有机蔬菜基地土壤中4种喹诺酮类化合物的含量均高于绿色蔬菜基地土壤。同一基地不同蔬菜土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素的含量有一定差异,但化合物组成特征差异不大。研究区土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素的含量低于兽药国际协调委员会(VICH)筹划指导委员会的抗生素生态毒性效应触发值(100μg.kg-1),表明生态风险较小。     

The potential for using cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and algae in the biological control of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and eukaryote algae occur in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial (soil) habitats. In fact, these microorganisms comprise most of the world's biomass. Although the cyanobacteria are mostly photoautotrophic, some are facultative heterotrophs, capable of growing on certain substrates in darkness. Also, some are non-phototrophic and hence, are obligate heterotrophs. A number of cyanobacteria and eukaryote algae, particularly macroalgae, produce various, biologically active compounds. These include antibiotics which in laboratory tests inhibited bacteria and fungi that incite diseases of humans. In addition, the following fungi which are of interest to plant pathologists, were inhibitedin vitro by substances produced by various cyanobacteria: The saprophytesChaetomium globosum, Cunninghamella blakesleeana, andAspergillus oryzae and the plant pathogensRhizoctonia solani andSclerotinia sclerotiorum. Extracts from seaweeds (macroalgae) sprayed on plants have been reported to reduce the incidence ofBotrytis cinerea (gray mold) on strawberries,Erysiphe polygoni (powdery mildew) on turnips, and damping-off of tomato seedlings. Because many cyanobacteria and algae produce a large number of antibacterial and antifungal materials, are almost never a threat to the environment, and many can be grown in quantity in mass culture, they are suitable candidates for exploitation as biocontrol agents of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Much additional work remains to be done however, to thoroughly evaluate cyanobacteria and algae and their products for this role.     

Studies on the Respiratory Disease ‘Sonbobe’ in Camels in the Eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia

New epidemics of respiratory disease have caused 29.6 morbidity and 6.4% mortality in camels in the Somalia region of Ethiopia. The major clinical signs observed were fever of 40–41.5°C, depression, cough, loss of appetite and a watery nasal discharge that became mucopurulent at a later stage. Finally, the camel became recumbent and extended its neck straight along the ground. Some of the animals died within 8–9 days. The major post-mortem lesions were hydrothorax, adhesion of the lung to the thorax, red and grey hepatization, emphysema, hydropericardium and fibrinous pericarditis. A treatment trial indicated that oxytetracycline was more effective than a combination of penicillin and streptomycin, the results showing a significant difference (p>0.05) between the treated and control groups. The bacteria isolated from lung, thoracic fluid and whole blood were Pasteurella haemolytica. Further studies on the epidemiology of this disease, the identification of the serotypes involved, and the demonstration of any primary viral initiating agent are recommended to allow the development of preventive methods.     

抗生素微生物检定法测定黄霉素预混剂的含量

采用抗生素微生物检定法测定黄霉素预混剂的含量,方法的线性范围为1.832～8.736黄霉素单位/mL,r=0.999 3,加样回收率为99.3%,RSD为0.8%(n=10).本方法具有专属性、准确性、重现性好等优点.     

益生素和中草药在乌骨鸡生产中替代抗生素的研究

选1日龄泰和乌骨鸡279只,随机分为3组,分别为抗生素对照组(添加金霉素)、试验一组(添加益生素)、试验二组(添加中草药),每组设3个重复,每个重复34只鸡;试验分两个阶段(即0～5周和6～10周),共70天。结果表明:益生素组和中草药组的日增重、料肉比、死亡率及腹泻率比对照组均有显著的改善(P<0.05)。     

Innate immunity and host defense peptides in veterinary medicine

Recent years have witnessed a surge in interest directed at innate immune mechanisms. Proper conceptualization of the key elements of innate immunity, however, is still a work in progress, because most research in immunology traditionally has been focused on components of the acquired immune response. The question of why an animal stays healthy in a world filled with many dangers is perhaps as interesting as why it sometimes surrenders to disease. Consequently, studies with an increased focus on inborn mechanisms of animal host defense may help further the development of appropriate preventative and therapeutic measures in veterinary medicine. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are central effector molecules of innate immunity, and are produced by virtually all living species throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. These gene-encoded peptides play a central role in multiple, clinically relevant disease processes. Imbalances in the expression of HDPs can lead to overt pathology in different organ systems and cell types in all species studied. In addition, HDPs are an ancient group of innate chemical protectors, which are now evaluated as model molecules for the development of novel natural antibiotics and immunoregulatory compounds. This review provides an overview of HDPs and is aimed at veterinary practitioners as well as basic researchers with an interest in comparative immunology involving small and large animal species.     

细菌耐药机理及控制对策研究进展

随着抗菌药物的广泛应用，越来越多的细菌出现耐药性，而且耐药水平也越来越高。耐药性呈全球发展趋势，极大地影响着食品安全，危害着人类身体健康，本文就近年来国内外对细菌的耐药机理，耐药性的传播及对耐药性的控制对策等方面的研究进展作了阐述和综述。     

螺旋毛壳ND35抗生素的产生及其在病害生物防治中的作用

内生菌螺旋毛壳Chaetomium spirale ND35是一株广谱拮抗性生防因子。为了阐明菌株ND35抗生素在植物病害生物防治中的作用机制,系统研究了抗生素的产生、提取纯化及其在离体和温室条件下的抑菌防病作用。菌株ND35的发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取,浓缩得黄褐色抗生素粗提液。平皿抑菌试验表明,抗生素粗提液对20余种植物病原真菌有抑制作用,浓度为400μg/mL时对病菌菌丝生长的抑制率范围从14．4%到72．6%。浓度为500μg/mL和1000μg/mL的抗生素粗提液对新月弯孢分生孢子萌发的抑制率分别是54．2%和75．9%。发酵时间也影响抗生素的产量,马铃著葡萄糖液体培养基中发酵15天时,抗生素产量最高。经薄层层析和高效液相色谱检测,证明有两个活性组分。温室试验表明,该抗生素粗提液稀释50倍液对玉米弯孢叶斑病的防治效果可达85．5%,稀释250倍液防治效果达63。3%。试验结果表明,抗生素是菌株ND35重要的生防决定因子之一,抗生素粗提液也展示了对玉米弯孢叶斑病具有较好的生防潜能。     

Effect of nucleotides and carob pulp on gut health and performance of weanling piglets

Nucleotides and carob pulp were tested as possible alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for newly weaned pigs. Four dietary treatments were used: basal diet, nucleotides, carob pulp and nucleotides + carob pulp. Performance was measured in a group of 72 pigs. Another group of 60 pigs was used for histological measurements of the jejunal mucosa and microbiological measurements by RFLP in ileum and caecum at different post-weaning intervals. Treatment did not affect performance. On the other hand, the morphology parameters of the jejunum were significantly (P < 0.001) affected by day after-weaning. No effects (P > 0.05) of treatment were observed on these parameters. The similarity (intra and inter-group) of the intestinal microbiota decreased with day after-weaning (P < 0.001) and was also affected by dietary treatment (P < 0.05). The nucleotide diets had the highest similarities in the ileum whereas the carob pulp diets had the lowest in the caecum. It is concluded that both nucleotides and carob pulp are able to modulate the changes in microbiota composition after weaning and that whereas nucleotides act in the ileum, carob pulp acts in the caecum.