Differential ability of alcohol fermentation between the seeds of flooding-tolerant and flooding-susceptible varieties of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.

Seed germination and respiratory metabolism under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were studied in the flooding-tolerant and flooding-susceptible varieties of Echinochloa crus-galli with an identical genome and common ancestry . In the flooding-tolerant E. crus-galli var. formosensis , the seeds imbibed under nitrogen could germinate and exhibited an I/N quotient > 0.6. They accelerated glycolysis and concomitantly produced large and equimolar quantities of carbon dioxide and ethanol, suggesting that the seeds of this variety showed operation of the Pasteur effect and respired through alcohol fermentation under anaerobic conditions. The seeds excreted most of the toxic fermentation product. In contrast, the seeds of the flooding-susceptible E. crus-galli var. praticola were capable of germinating only under aerobic conditions through the conventional aerobic respiration and were unable to anaerobically respire to germinate through alcohol fermentation regardless of the presence of both sufficient alcohol dehydrogenase activity and a high redox charge of the pyridine nucleotides.     

Innovative liquid formulation of digestates for producing a biofertilizer based on Bacillus siamensis: Field testing on sweet pepper

A biofertilizer (BF) based on the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Bacillus siamensis was produced using anaerobic digestate (AD) as the main ingredient of the growth medium, alongside a carbon source from residual origin. The use of residues for the growth of PGPR reduces the production costs of biofertilizers, but makes an assessment of the possible toxicity of residues for the bacteria or plants necessary. Therefore, the growth medium of PGPR was first optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM), followed by phytotoxicity tests and a field trial of the BF in a sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) crop at two different locations. AD at 50% dilution, supplemented with 2.3% sugar beet molasses, was the optimum growth medium for producing the BF, with a bacterial concentration of 10⁹ cfu mL⁻¹. In the field trial, the treatments inoculated with BF and fertilized with decreased mineral N (80%) produced significantly better yields per ha than the controls with decreased N (80%) and full N (100%) without BF. This indicates improved efficiency of N use by the crop, as a consequence of the use of BF.     

Collection,Analysis, and Utilization of Biogas from Anaerobic Treatment of Crab Processing Waters

Abstract

Two laboratory-scale, upflow anaerobic reactors were constructed to treat blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) cooking wastewater for determination of the volume and composition of the resulting bio-gas. Both systems (A and B) consisted of two 4-liter (L) upflow anaerobic reactors and one 8-L aerobic reactor in series. The first anaerobic reactor of System A contained 240,12.7 mm foam cubes, while the first anaerobic reactor of System B contained 180 foam pieces (25.4 ×25.4 ×12.7 mm). Biogas production rates for System A ranged from 6.6 L gas/L feed to 10.0 L gas/L feed. Mean values for System B ranged from 7.1 L gas/L feed to 11.9 L gas/L feed. Methane and carbon dioxide comprised 68% and 28%, respectively, of the gas from both systems. Hydrogen sulfide averaged 1.5% and 1.4% for systems A and B, respectively. A pilot-scale biogas collection and utilization system was also constructed and successfully demonstrated. Details of the pilot-scale system design are provided in the paper to help processors better understand how the technology might be applied.     

竹鼠肠道中厌氧纤维素降解菌的分离与鉴定

本试验旨在从竹鼠肠道中分离厌氧纤维素降解菌并鉴定。取中华竹鼠盲肠内容物稀释,采用含2种不同纤维素[微晶纤维素(MCC)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)]的培养基在厌氧条件下对纤维素降解菌进行初筛,后又经以纤维二糖为唯一碳源的培养基的多次复筛,选出的菌株进行经形态学和分子生物学的鉴定。结果表明:经过初筛和复筛,筛选出了2株厌氧纤维素降解菌。初筛培养基采用MCC和CMC-Na最终筛选出的2株纤维素降解菌的纤维素酶活力分别为6.599和5.268U/m L。菌株经PCR鉴定、测序,用所得序列构建系统发育树,得出这2株菌与酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)具有很高的同源性,达99%,二者均属于梭菌属(Clostridium)。本试验从竹鼠盲肠中成功筛选出2株纤维素降解菌,经鉴定确定属于梭菌属。     

干法厌氧发酵装备同步升温发酵及微生态网络研究

干法厌氧发酵是提高农业农村废弃物处理效率及资源高效循环的重要技术之一。先前围绕该技术产甲烷效率低、传质传热不均匀等问题,提出了微好氧同步预升温干发酵技术,设计了配套装备,开展了小试和中试试验,产甲烷效率得到改善。为进一步提高放大装备的实际应用质量,在对发酵装置密封、进出料、喷淋循环系统等关键部件优化的基础上,探明了最优曝气量及实际应用中微好氧预升温阶段物质转化特性,揭示了微生物生态网络关系,评价了实际运行效果。结果表明：对关键部件的优化显著提升装备运行稳定性,微好氧同步预升温阶段最优曝气量为10 L/min,容积产气率达到1.20 m³/(m³·d)。物料在第40小时升温至42℃,曝气组各层物料温度较未曝气组均提高45.54%、32.46%和52.06%。同步预升温促进了物料各层纤维素和半纤维素的降解,提高了酸化效率,有机酸质量浓度分别提高59.83%、50.69%和20.85%,物料产气潜力提高34.9%。探明了微生物网络关系以及与发酵环境因子变化的相关性,发现微好氧预升温阶段具有协同作用的功能微生物SBR1031、Synergistale...     

酒糟厌氧消化产甲烷特性与微生物菌群结构分析

酒糟是酿酒生产过程中的副产物,以酒糟为研究对象,分别考察不同底物总固体（Total solid, TS）质量分数（0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%）、接种比（接种污泥与酒糟的挥发性固体质量比）（0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5）和温度（25、37、50℃）条件下酒糟的厌氧消化产甲烷特性。结果表明,随着TS浓度的增加,产甲烷量逐渐增加, 2%TS条件下可获得最大的累计产沼气量（532.8mL/g）和产甲烷量（294.7mL/g）。接种比是影响厌氧消化系统的重要因素,随着接种比的增大,系统累计产沼气和产甲烷量呈先增加后减少的趋势,在接种比为0.25和0.5的条件下,系统发生崩溃,并未产甲烷,当接种比为1时,获得最大的累计产沼气和甲烷量。当TS质量分数为2%、接种比为1.5、发酵温度为50℃的条件下,获得最大的累计产沼气量为559.4mL/g,相较37℃条件下提高了10.2%,而获得的累计产甲烷量为284.0mL/g,相较37℃并未显著提升（P>0.05）。利用修正的Gompertz模型进行产气动力学分析后,发现TS质量分数越高、接种比越大、温度越高,产甲烷迟滞期越短。同时对不同温度反应体系中的微生物群落进行了分析,发现Bacteroidetes和 Firmicutes为优势菌门,随着温度的升高,产甲烷菌逐渐由氢营养型代替乙酸营养型。因此, TS浓度、接种比和温度是厌氧发酵重要因素,初步确定2%TS、接种比为1的中温酒糟厌氧发酵产甲烷性能相对较好。     

抽排厕所废物原位发酵回用可行性研究：杭桥村案例

为适应农村居民对现代化生活的追求、顺应可持续发展的趋势,本研究结合我国农村实情提出以“抽吸式-源分离-就地就近资源化”为技术路线的现代资源化模式作为农村家庭粪尿处置与利用的解决方案,选取一自然聚落,建设服务于20户居民的示范工程开展可行性研究。方案采用组合式多级厌氧发酵制肥工艺对单独收集的抽排厕所废物进行无害化处理,就地就近回用于附近农田,考察抽排厕所废物性质,对制肥设施进行定期监测,并于运行32个月后破拆清扫、取样分析。结果显示：设施未出现堵塞、满溢及渗漏现象,污泥积累不超过设施总有效高度的20%且充分稳定,具有维护简单、清扫周期长的特点;设施出液及底泥均未检出活寄生虫卵,粪大肠菌值>10^-4,符合《粪便无害化卫生要求》（GB 7959—2012）中的卫生标准;设施出液及底泥的总养分含量分别为0.18%和0.43%,有机质含量分别为0.05%和2.65%,每年产生的出液及污泥共计可取代氮肥（N）161.19 kg、磷肥（P₂O₅）9.67 kg、钾肥（K₂O）42.11 kg。现代资源化模式的成功运用不仅可以提高居民生活水平,还能满足可持续发展要求,降低家庭废物处理成本的同时,实现资源就地回用,具有较高的工程应用和推广价值。     

NaOH预处理对青稞秸秆厌氧发酵特性的影响

为提高青稞秸秆的综合利用率,采用NaOH对青稞秸秆进行预处理,研究不同水平NaOH和预处理时间对青稞秸秆厌氧发酵性能的影响,探讨NaOH在青稞秸秆厌氧发酵中应用的可行性。结果表明,与未经处理的青稞秸秆相比,NaOH预处理可以显著提高青稞秸秆产甲烷性能（P<0.05）,且产气速率快、发酵周期短。其中,5% NaOH处理12 h青稞秸秆的累积甲烷产量高于多数木质纤维素类废弃物,为250.03 mL·g^-1,是优良的发酵原料。NaOH预处理增加了青稞秸秆中纤维素含量（13.37%~39.31%）,并有效降解了木质素（12.89%~64.34%）和半纤维素（0.96%~30.30%）含量。表明NaOH预处理是提高青稞秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷性能的有效方法。     

酸碱预处理辣椒秸秆与羊粪混合厌氧发酵特性

为实现辣椒秸秆等农业废弃物的资源化利用,通过批式厌氧发酵试验,分别研究了经不同体积分数(2%、4%、6%、8%)的H₂SO₄和不同质量分数(2%、4%、6%、8%)的Ca(OH)₂预处理的辣椒秸秆与羊粪混合厌氧发酵的产甲烷特性。结果表明,随着预处理中Ca(OH)₂质量分数的升高,辣椒秸秆与羊粪混合厌氧发酵的甲烷产率升高,经8%Ca(OH)₂预处理的甲烷产率最高(188.56 mL·g^-1),显著(P<0.05)高于其他处理,较对照提高了61.26%。但随着预处理中H₂SO₄体积分数的升高,辣椒秸秆与羊粪混合厌氧发酵的甲烷产率降低,且显著(P<0.05)低于对照。利用修正的冈珀茨(Gompertz)模型能较好地拟合各处理的产甲烷过程,其中,经Ca(OH)₂预处理的最大甲烷产率(V_m)值较大,说明Ca(OH)₂预处理辣椒秸秆能有效提高其与羊粪混合发酵的水解速率。酸、碱预处理均对辣椒秸秆木质纤维素有一定的降解作用,其中,Ca(OH)₂预处理的降解效果更好。     

秸秆厌氧消化产沼气的研究进展

秸秆是生物质能源的重要组成部分。我国农作物秸秆资源储量十分丰富,但大多数都没有得到有效利用,被随意丢弃或直接焚烧的现象较为常见,造成了严重的资源浪费和环境污染现象。因此,对秸秆的资源化利用已迫在眉睫。在秸秆的众多利用方式中,厌氧消化产沼气是现阶段对其资源化利用最有效的途径之一。本文主要围绕秸秆厌氧消化产沼气的可行性、影响因素、利用现状、存在问题和解决方案等方面进行了综述,旨在为规模化秸秆沼气工程的应用和推广提供一定参考。