野生二粒小麦及其后代富含微量营养元素种质资源的筛选鉴定

由于主要粮食作物中微量营养元素(特别是Zn 和Fe)的缺乏导致全世界范围内的人类微量营养元素缺乏症。野生二粒小麦(Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides)是提高小麦籽粒Zn、Fe、蛋白质含量及改良小麦其他性状的重要种质资源。本研究以4 份野生二粒小麦及32 份野生二粒小麦与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)杂交后代为材料, 进行籽粒中富含Zn、Fe 和蛋白质种质资源的筛选和鉴定。野生二粒小麦的后代材料表现出广泛的遗传变异。籽粒Zn、Fe 含量和蛋白质含量之间均呈极显著正相关关系, 说明这些性状能够通过育种方式达到共同提高的目的。试验共筛选到17 份Zn、Fe 和蛋白质含量均显著高于对照品种"石4185"的材料, 说明将来自野生二粒小麦的外源基因导入到普通小麦是提高小麦籽粒Zn、Fe 和蛋白质含量的有效途径。其中5份野生二粒小麦与普通小麦的杂交后代表现出较高籽粒Zn、Fe 和蛋白质含量的同时, 也具有较高的产量和优良的农艺性状。这些材料的获得为小麦生物强化育种提供了重要的物质基础。     

锌与氮磷平衡施用对大麦营养效应的研究

采用氮、磷、锌3因素5水平最优回归设计,在田间条件下探讨了钙质紫色土中氮、磷、锌对大麦量产及肥效的影响。结果表明,当施氮量在75kg/ha以下时,不必施用锌肥;氮用量超过75kg/ha时,施锌能较大度幅地提高大麦产量。锌在平衡氮、磷养分中起着重要作用,锌与氮、磷间对大麦产量存在较大的正连应。在每公顷施75—112.5N、60—120公斤P_2O_5、30～75公斤ZnSO_4·7H_2O的最优施肥方案下,可获得3225kg/ha以上的产量,且大麦品质良好,肥料利用率较高。     

甜菜对锌的吸收及分配规律的研究

本试验研究了河套治区甜菜对锌素的吸收及分配规律，结果表明：生育前期甜菜吸收锌素的速率较高，之后随生育进程逐渐降低。单位于物质中的含锌量也是生育前期高、后期低，但单株绝对含量随生育进程而增加。锌素在不同器官间的分配规律是，前期主要分配于叶丛，之后随生育进程叶丛中的分配率逐渐降低，而块根中的分配率却相对增加，但就绝对含量而言，叶丛始终高于块根。     

短期高锌饲粮对蛋黄中锌含量及母鸡产蛋性能的影响

本试验采用典型饲料配方，以氧化锌形式补充锌及适量稳定剂，观察短期（３０ｄ）饲喂高锌饲料及稳定剂对母鸡产蛋性能及蛋黄中锌会含量的影响．试验结果表明．饲粮中添加２０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ的锌及适量稳定剂后，可使蛋黄中锌含量提高４５．３３％－４６．９８％，采食量不受影响，但饲料转化率、产蛋成绩下降；饲粮中添加１０００ｍｍｇ／ｋｇ锌时，可使蛋黄锌含量提高３１．９６％－３４．２２．．且对母鸡的饲料转化率和产蛋成绩无不良影响．改喂基础日粮１２天后，产蛋率基本恢复到正常水平．     

土壤有机结合态锌的分级及其活性的研究

用 pH9.5 0.1mol/L Na_4P_2O_7和 H_2O_2有效地将土壤有机态锌区分为松结有机态及紧结有机态。松结有机态对负荷水平、培养时间及土壤 pH 等环境因子的反应较紧结有机态更为敏感;同时松结有机态锌对活性锌的贡献远远大于后者。土壤中松结有机态锌与紧结有机态锌的相互转化是直接影响土壤锌的营养供应或污染致毒程度的重要缓冲体系之一。     

Soybean response to iron‐deficiency stress as related to iron supply in the growth medium

The Fe‐inefficient T203 and the Fe‐efficient A7 and Pioneer 1082 (P1082) soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were grown hydroponically with no (0 mg Fe L^‐1 ; ‐Fe) and a minute level (0.025 mg Fe L^‐1 ; +Fe) of Fe to (a) compare their responses to Fe‐deficiency stress and (b) relate Fe‐efficiency in soybeans to their ability to initiate the Fe‐stress‐response mechanism at low levels of Fe. With no Fe in solution, P1082 released similar levels of H⁺ ions, but released less reductant from their roots and there was less reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ by their roots than by A7 roots. These responses were also one day later and occurred after a more severe chlorosis and a lower leaf Fe had developed in P1082 than in A7. With 0.025 mg L^‐1 of solution Fe, it was not necessary for the Fe‐stress response mechanism to be fully activated to make Fe available in A7 soybean, whereas a strongly enhanced Fe stress response was observed in P1082. Increased Fe uptake and regreening of leaves immediately succeeded initiation of the Fe stress response in both cultivars and at both levels of Fe. Thus, P1082 was slightly less efficient than A7 soybean, but would be classed more efficient than the previously studied soybean cultivars A2, Hawkeye, Bragg, Pride, Anoka, and T203. These results support the hypothesis that the most efficient soybeans are those which can initiate the Fe‐stress response mechanism with little or no Fe in the growth medium. The near simultaneous occurrence of the factors in the Fe‐stress response mechanism (H ion and reductant release, reduction of Fe to Fe by roots), and the immediate increase in leaf Fe and chorophyll contents following that response suggest that all these factors act in concert, not independently, to aid in the absorption and transport of Fe to plant tops.     

Influence of Gyttja on Shoot Growth and Shoot Concentrations of Zinc and Boron of Wheat Cultivars Grown on Zinc‐Deficient and Boron‐Toxic Soil

Abstract

Greenhouse experiments were carried out to study the influence of gyttja, a sedimentary peat, on the shoot dry weight and shoot concentrations of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) in one bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Bezostaja) and one durum wheat (Triticum durum L., cv. Kiziltan) cultivar. Plants were grown in a Zn‐deficient (DTPA‐Zn: 0.09 mg kg^?1 soil) and B‐toxic soil (CaCl₂/mannitol‐extractable B: 10.5 mg kg^?1 soil) with (+Zn = 5 mg Zn kg^?1 soil) and without (?Zn = 0) Zn supply for 55 days. Gyttja containing 545 g kg^?1 organic matter was applied to the soil at the rates of 0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10% (w/w). When Zn and gyttja were not added, plants showed leaf symptoms of Zn deficiency and B toxicity, and had a reduced growth. With increased rates of gyttja application, shoot growth of both cultivars was significantly enhanced under Zn deficiency, but not at sufficient supply of Zn. The adverse effects of Zn deficiency and B toxicity on shoot dry matter production became very minimal at the highest rate of gyttja application. Increases in gyttja application significantly enhanced shoot concentrations of Zn in plants grown without addition of inorganic Zn. In Zn‐sufficient plants, the gyttja application up to 5% (w/w) did not affect Zn concentration in shoots, but at the highest rate of gyttja application there was a clear decrease in shoot Zn concentration. Irrespective of Zn supply, the gyttja application strongly decreased shoot concentration of B in plants, particularly in durum wheat. For example, in Zn‐deficient Kiziltan shoot concentration of B was reduced from 385 mg kg^?1 to 214 mg kg^?1 with an increased gyttja application. The results obtained indicate that gyttja is a useful organic material improving Zn nutrition of plants in Zn‐deficient soils and alleviating adverse effects of B toxicity on plant growth. The beneficial effects of gyttja on plant growth in the Zn‐deficient and B‐toxic soil were discussed in terms of increases in plant available concentration of Zn in soil and reduction of B uptake due to formation of tightly bound complexes of B with gyttja.     

Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Fruit and Leaves of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges

In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’     

Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰 泽兰实蝇系统中的生物富集效应研究

泽兰实蝇(Procecidochares utilis Stone)是目前入侵杂草紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng)的一种重要天敌, 但在重金属污染的矿区泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的植株寄生率明显降低。故利用同心圆采样法在云南兰坪金顶铅锌矿区5 km范围内采集土壤、紫茎泽兰及泽兰实蝇并测定重金属含量, 以研究重金属在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中的生物富集效应, 探讨重金属胁迫影响泽兰实蝇控制效果的机制。结果表明: 土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中Pb、Zn和Cd含量随着距矿中心距离的增加而极显著下降, Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎系统中的富集系数分别为0.205~0.614、0.058~0.079和0.222~0.398, 平均值分别为0.453、0.067和0.315, 在紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中的富集系数分别为1.06~7.69、9.68~20.13和1.13~1.56, 平均值分别为2.47、12.83和1.42。Cd和Zn属于强聚集, Pb属于很强聚集的元素。本研究结果证明, Pb、Zn和Cd可以在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统逐级传递富集, 并初步阐明了重金属Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰 泽兰实蝇系统中的传递规律。这丰富了重金属污染的生态毒理学效应, 为进一步研究重金属胁迫影响泽兰实蝇控制效果的机制奠定了基础。     

Dietary strategies to improve the iron and zinc nutriture of young women following a vegetarian diet

Dietary strategies to enhance the content and bioavailability of iron and zinc in vegetarian diets were compiled. Strategies included increasing promoters and decreasing antagonists of iron and zinc absorption, adopting food preparation and processing methods which hydrolyze the phytate content of cereals and legumes, and using iron cookware. These strategies were used to devise two vegetarian menus based on food consumption patterns derived from three day weighed food records of 78 Canadian lacto-ovo-vegetarian adolescents. The iron and zinc, as well as calcium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin A, protein and energy content of the devised menus were all higher than the actual intakes and the corresponding Canadian recommended nutrient intakes. Results show the overall nutrient adequacy of the recommended vegetarian menus and indicate that young lacto-vegetarian women can potentially meet their estimated dietary requirements for absorbed iron and zinc through modest modifications to the diet. Laboratory studies designed to measure the total amount of iron and zinc absorbed from these diets by young vegetarian women are needed to verify the efficacy of the devised menus.