化肥氮磷优化减施对水稻产量和田面水氮磷流失的影响

为探讨氮(N)、磷(P)减量对降低稻田养分地表径流损失风险的影响,以毛里湖稻区为研究对象,连续两年(2016—2017年)进行田间小区试验,研究化肥氮磷优化减施对水稻产量和生长期内田面水N、P动态变化特征及径流流失的影响。结果表明:常规施肥处理(CF)和有机替代20%化肥N处理(0.8FN+0.2ON)稻田田面水总氮(TN)、NH_4~+-N和总磷(TP)浓度在施肥后迅速达到峰值,之后逐渐下降。而控释氮肥减N处理能有效减缓N素释放速度,田面水N素流失量远低于CF处理,且磷肥减量处理TP流失量低于CF处理。与CF处理相比,控释氮肥减N 20%(0.8N)和控释氮肥+过磷酸钙减量20%(0.8NP)处理水稻两年平均分别增产5.55%、3.22%,N素累积量分别提高19.01%、13.66%,氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高31.94%、28.83%,氮肥农学利用率分别提高47.52%、33.75%,氮肥吸收利用率分别提高95.30%、73.31%。0.8NP处理较0.8N处理水稻磷肥偏生产力两年平均显著提高22.08%,而0.8FN+0.2ON处理较CF处理P素累积量和磷肥吸收利用率分别降低11.14%、36.04%。总体而言,控释氮肥与磷肥减量既保证高产稳产,又有效降低稻田施肥初期N、P径流损失风险。在综合考虑农业生产节本增效和控制农田面源污染的前提下,可采用控释氮肥减量的施肥模式。     

洱海缓冲带土壤特性的空间分布

[目的]了解洱海缓冲带内土壤特性空间分布状况,进而为缓冲带面源污染治理、精细农业与植被布局等提供参考。[方法]采集80个缓冲带表层土壤样品,测定其含水率、有机质、全磷、全氮、氨氮和硝氮的含量,并应用传统统计学和地统计学方法对数据进行分析。[结果](1)土壤中含水率、有机质、全磷、全氮、氨氮和硝氮各项统计特性均通过K—S检验,呈正态分布;(2)洱海缓冲带土壤中养分水平较高;氨氮和硝氮的变异系数大于100%,属强变异性;(3)有机质南部略低,东西向呈东西高,中部低,全氮、全磷南北向呈南北低,中部高,东西向变化不大;(4)有机质表现出强烈的空间相关性,而全氮和全磷空间相关性弱。[结论]缓冲带农田格局和迁移转化是影响土壤特性空间分布的两个重要因素。     

不同N水平紫色土上不同水稻品种吸收N、K的动力学

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen and potassium uptake by four rice cultivars. Results showed that the quadratic parabola relationship between biomass of rice and nitrogen levels was observed, with the maximum biomass at the nitrogen level of 150 mg kg^-1. The rates of nitrogen and potassium uptake by the four rice cultivars depended on growth stage and rice cultivar with the maximum rate of N in Shanyou-63 and maximum rate of K in Kaiyou-5 (hybrid rice), respectively. The kinetics of nitrogen and potasssium uptake by rice plant could be quantitatively described by the following equations: y = a + blogt, y = ab + t^1/2 and y = ae^-bt. The b value in the equations was correlated significantly to the rates of nitrogen and potassium uptake (N_R and K_R, r = 0.901^**~0.990^**), suggesting that the b value could be used to distinguish the index of nitrogen and potassium uptake capacity of rice. The maximum values of nitrogen uptake by plant (b value) and apparent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen were observed in Shanyou-63, and the minimum value in Eryou-6078. However, the capacity of potassium uptake (b value) by Kaiyou-5 ranked first and that by Shanyou-63 second. There was a significant linear relationship between nitrogen level and nitrogen uptake by rice, but a quadratic parabola relationship was found between nitrogen level and patassium uptake by rice. The application of nitrogen fertilizer decreased the ratios of potassium to nitrogen uptake by rice plant. The greatest reduction in the ratio was observed at high nitrogen level, and the least reduction was found in Kaiyou-5 and Shanyou-63 due to their greater ability to absorb potassium.     

耕作及轮作对土壤氮素径流流失的影响

5年轮作和1年水平沟耕作试验表明:在不同的坡度上,与传统耕作法相比,水平沟减少产流7%,径流液铵态氮浓度提高19%,流失量达到13.01kg/(km²·a),比传统耕作多流失1.11kg/(km²·a);径流硝态氮浓度减少27%,比传统耕作减少7.68kg/(km²·a);径流硝态氮流失减少量和铵态氮增加量相差6倍,水平沟可减少6.57kg/(km²·a)矿质氮流失;水平沟拦截泥沙25%左右,泥沙中全氮富集率提高13%,土壤全氮流失457kg/(km²·a),平均减少18%;一季黑豆和一季黄豆及两季黑豆和一季黄豆参与的5年轮作周期,土壤侵蚀量仅为896t/(km²·a)和984t/(km²·a),不及糜子和土豆参与轮作周期的1/2.     

千岛湖水质变化特征与趋势分析

对千岛湖水质综合污染指数分析表明,近10年来千岛湖多数监测项目和各断面污染指数都呈现显著下降的趋势,全湖综合水质趋好,表明千岛湖总体水质的变化正处于相对低的风险状态之中。各断面水污染综合指数的对比分析显示,代表千岛湖主要来水水质的街口、航头岛和百亩畈3个断面分列前三,河流污染物的输入是千岛湖水质下降的主要风险来源,其中街口指标显著高于其他断面,是污染输入强度最大的来源。各监测项目污染指数的对比分析表明总N是影响近期千岛湖水质的首要因子。趋势分析表明,除街口和西园码头外其他各断面负荷比均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势。各监测项目综合污染指数分担率的分析表明,总N、溶解氧和高锰酸钾指数排在前列,3项分担率之和占全湖的71%,其中总N接近49%,显著高于其他项目。趋势分析中总N分担率出现显著下降趋势,其他项目也都表现出不同程度下降趋势,大肠杆菌的变化趋势尚不明确。     

分次施氮对水稻根际土壤微生物生态效应的影响

研究了分次施氮条件，施氮对水稻根际土壤微生物生态效应的影响，结果表明：水稻根际土壤微生物生态效应不仅仅受到根际土壤微生物的影响，同时也受到水稻生长状态的影响。一般来说，水稻生长旺盛的时候，水稻根系与根际土壤微生物竞争营养元素，导致水稻根际微生物活性的下降。在水稻生长周期内，水稻根际土壤微生物生物量C与根际土壤酶等变化不一致。分次施氮条件下，施氮对根际微生物生物量C、磷酸酶、脲酶、总蛋白和总酚有一定的影响，尤其是在水稻生长的后期，4次施氮全部完成后，施氮与不施氮表现出明显的差异。     

Combined effects of best management practices on water quality in oxbow lakes from agricultural watersheds

Water quality conditions in three oxbow lakes were examined before and after best management practices (BMPs) implementation within the Mississippi Delta. Experimental design called for the development of structural and cultural treatments to reduce sediment and associated pollutants entering watershed oxbow lakes. Three watersheds were selected and developed with different levels of BMPs. Changes in lake water quality were used as measures of management success. Analyses of water quality data prior to the implementation of BMPs suggested the lakes were stressed and ecologically damaged due to excessive sediment inflow. Significant improvements in water quality were observed with the use of cultural and structural BMPs. Sediments decreased 34–59%, while Secchi visibility and chlorophyll generally increased. The most dramatic improvements in water quality occurred in the two watersheds that featured cultural practices and combinations of cultural and structural practices. Reducing suspended sediment concentrations in these oxbow lakes favored phytoplankton production resulting in increased chlorophyll concentrations and higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Cultural BMPs, more so than structural BMPs, play a vital role in improving lake water quality, and are needed in addition to structural measures to ensure improved water quality in oxbow lakes receiving agricultural runoff.     

Effect of Application of Different Types of Organic Composts on Rice Growth under Laboratory Conditions

In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of two different kinds of composts: pea-rice hull compost (PRC) and cattle dung-tea compost (CTC) on rice growth. These composts differed in their nitrogen composition, as well as in their effect on plant height, number of tillers, dry matter yield and nutrient uptake (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)) of rice plants. Plants were cultivated in 1/5,000 Wagner pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, completely mixed with the composts (PRC 404 g; CTC 380 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM), respectively in the first crop. The residual effect of the composts was studied after the plants of the first crop were harvested. All the treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the roots, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, stalks, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. At the most active tillering and heading stages of the plants of the first crop, the number of tillers, dry matter yield and the amount of nutrients absorbed from the CHEM treatment were found to be higher than those in the other treatments. The values of the plant height, straw growth and nutrient uptake of the rice plants with the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the maturity stage. In the plants of the second crop, the values of the plant height, number of tillers, straw and whole plant yield and the N and K uptake from the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the heading and maturity stages. The chemical fertilizer was a fast-release fertilizer used to supply nutrients at the early stage of rice growth in the first crop. The beneficial effect of the composts on rice growth and nutrient uptake was conspicuous in the second crop, compared with that of routine treatment of chemical fertilizer.     

Characterization of organic phosphorus in leachate from a grassland soil

The degree of eutrophication in fresh water ecosystems may be influenced by the forms of phosphorus (P) leached from agricultural systems. Physico-chemical fractionation of P in leachate from a grassland soil carried out over a two year period indicated that the majority of the P loss from the Lismore soil occurred in unreactive particulate (55-76%) P forms. ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of a selected leachate sample indicated that unreactive P was mainly comprised of monoester and diester forms of organic P. The presence of phosphomonoesterase (20-200 μg p nitrophenol l⁻¹ h⁻¹) and phosphodiesterase (68 μg bis-p nitrophenol l⁻¹ h⁻¹) activity in leachate resulted in hydrolysis of 10-21% of total unreactive P (TUP), indicating that some of the monoesters and diesters can be eventually hydrolyzed into inorganic P forms during P transport. Enzyme hydrolysis showed that 23% of the TUP was present as labile monoester P (LMP), followed by 20% as inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) and 14% as diesters (phospholipids and nucleic acids). The findings of this study suggest that LMP, IHP and diesters are an important component of organic P leaching from the grassland soil.     

覆膜旱作稻N、P、K养分利用特征

在田间试验条件下对覆膜旱作稻体内N、P、K养分浓度、吸收动态及N肥利用率作了研究。结果表明,相同施肥处理条件下不同生育期覆膜旱作稻N、P、K养分浓度及吸收量均高于水作稻,尤以生育中后期较为明显;覆膜旱作稻全生育期N、P、K养分吸收量明显高于水作稻,分布在籽粒中的N、P、K养分含量也有所提高,而在整株中的占有率差异不大,N肥利用率提高12%左右。