Nitrification-denitrification Loss and N2O Emission from Urea Applied to Crop-soil Systems in North China Plain

Nitrogen losses are not only important for agriculture but environment as well. Field experiments were set up in summer corn field at Fengqiu Agro-Ecological Experimental Station of CAS in North China Plain. The soil was in maize-chao soil. Nitrification-denitrification losses and N2O emission were determined by acetylene-inhibition soil-core incubation method in the soils applied urea. The results showed that urea was fast hydrolyzed and became to nitrate. The soil with non urea released 0.33kg N/ha N2O.However, the soil produced 2.91kg N/ha N2O, about 1.94% of the applied N, when the urea was spread on soil surface. N2O emission reduced to 2.50kg N/ha, about 1.67% of the applied N, when the urea was put in deep soil by digging a hole. The denitrification loss was 1.17kg N/ha in control soil. It increased to 3.00kg N/ha and 2.09kg N/ha, which were 2.00% and 1.39% of the used N, in the soils received urea on surface and sub-surface respectively. It was suggested that nitrification-denitrification was probably not a main way of fertilizer nitrogen loss in this region.     

孵化期间鸡胚蛋内蛋白质转移的研究

对不同日龄的广西黄鸡胚蛋的卵白、卵黄,胚胎中粗蛋白,尿囊液中的尿素氮含量进行了测定,结果表明,这些指标呈一定规律性变化:前期卵黄、卵白中蛋白质含量稳定,卵白中蛋白质在孵化的第9和12天胚龄含量较高,之后极显著下降。卵黄中的粗蛋白质含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。胚胎中的粗蛋白含量从9～12d胚龄显著降低;尿囊液中尿素氮的含量在12～21d胚龄迅速增加,21d胚龄达到最高水平。说明蛋白在中期转移最多,后期利用率较低。     

体细胞评分与牛奶品质及产奶量的相关性分析

为了探索体细胞评分与牛奶品质及产量相关性,本研究收集了宁夏地区某4个奶牛场的DHI数据,利用SAS软件对SCS与牛奶中乳蛋白率、乳脂率、奶产量、尿素氮等指标的相关性进行统计分析.结果表明,SCS与日产奶量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与乳脂率、乳蛋白率和尿素氮没有显著的相关性.     

Differences in conformational stability of barley alpha-amylase isozymes 1 and 2. Role of charged groups and isozyme 2 specific salt-bridges

Barley alpha-amylase isozymes 1 (AMY1) and 2 (AMY2) have 80% sequence identity but possess different physico-chemical properties. By incubation in the range 37–85 °C T₅₀ is 75.2 °C of AMY1 and 79.2 °C of AMY2. While AMY2 is also most stable in urea at pH 6.7, [urea]₅₀ being 8.2 M compared to 7.9 M for AMY1, AMY1 has highest stability in urea below pH 6 or in the presence of NaCl. Moreover AMY1 is most stable in guanidinium chloride. Charge screening thus destabilises AMY2 but stabilises AMY1. Isozyme sequence comparison suggests that AMY1 lacks four of the 20 salt-bridges identified in the crystal structure of AMY2. The four residues that differ comprise Lys67_AMY2 and Asp267_AMY2, forming salt-bridges on the surface of the catalytic (β/α)₈-barrel (domain A), and Glu96_AMY2 and His344_AMY2 that participate in charged networks between domain A and the small domain B and the C-terminal domain, respectively. Four corresponding AMY2 mimics A68K; D97E; Q269D; N346H were made in AMY1 by site-directed mutagenesis. While D97E and Q269D have slightly improved stability compared to AMY1 wild-type, N346H and, under certain conditions, A68K are destabilised. The four mutants show 22–176% activity (k_cat/K_m) toward 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol β- -maltoheptaoside and amylose DP17 and 43–117% activity for insoluble starch.     

脲铵氮肥施肥方式及用量对玉米产量及产量构成因素的影响

[目的]为摸清脲铵氮肥在玉米生产上的应用效果。[方法]以夏玉米为试验材料,通过田间小区试验,研究脲铵氮肥对玉米产量及产量构成因素的影响。[结果]脲铵氮肥肥效长,具有和尿素一样的增产效果,能明显改善玉米农艺性状和经济性状,增加产量。同时,脲铵氮肥养分减量40%施用(即只需使用纯氮60%的等量脲铵氮肥),就与尿素常规传统施肥方式取得相同的增产效果,投产比高,经济效益显著。[结论]该研究可为脲铵氮肥大面积推广应用提供科学的理论指导。     

白腐菌产漆酶处理木屑对生产刨花板用胶量的影响

将木屑与试验制备的粗酶液混合,烘干后加入脲醛树脂胶,热压制成刨花板,与未经漆酶处理过的木屑热压成的刨花板进行比较。结果表明:用粗酶液处理过的木屑热压成的刨花板,与未经漆酶处理过的木屑热压成的刨花板相比,达到同等物理力学性能时所需脲醛树脂的用量,减少了42.9%;热压成板的物理力学性能并优于不经处理的木屑热压制成的刨花板。     

生物质灰渣与化肥混合对氨挥发的影响

采用室内恒温培养,碱液吸收法测定灰渣-化肥中氮的挥发量,研究了锯木灰、谷壳灰、玉米灰、水稻灰分别与不同化肥配比下,在一定时间内的氨挥发规律。结果表明:四种灰渣在N1、N2、N3水平下,随着时间的增加氨的挥发量和挥发率呈先增大后减小的趋势,各处理的峰值多出现在10~15 d的培养阶段;谷壳灰、玉米灰、水稻灰添加磷酸二氢钾能明显抑制混合物中氨的挥发,而锯木灰添加氯化钾、磷酸二氢钾均能抑制氨的挥发;在四种灰渣中,锯木灰处理的氨挥发率明显高于其他三种灰渣,特别是在N3水平下比同期的其他灰渣处理高5倍。Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程均能较好拟合氨的挥发量随时间的变化,其相关系数均达到极显著水平。     

Straw management, crop rotation, and nitrogen source effect on wheat grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency

Nitrogen fertilizer management from different sources and annual crop rotations are important components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production systems, especially where air and soil quality issues have prompted a search for alternatives to wheat straw burning. This study examined the effects of two different wheat straw management options (burning and incorporation by tillage), three crop rotations [wheat-sesbania (Sesbania spp.), wheat–maize (Zea mays L.), and wheat-clean fallow] and three N sources (urea, chicken manure, and urea plus chicken manure) on wheat grain yield and N use efficiency. The experiment was conducted as split–split plot treatment arrangement with three replications for eight wheat cropping seasons in the state of Sonora, Mexico. Results indicated that both wheat grain yield and N use efficiency were higher with burning than incorporation of wheat straw and with fertilization with urea or urea plus chicken manure than chicken manure alone. As shown by the crop rotation-by-straw management interaction, planting sesbania following incorporation of the straw by tillage produced comparable grain yields to straw burning treatment. In contrast, wheat in annual rotation with maize produced the lowest wheat grain yield and N use efficiency irrespective of the wheat straw management and N source applied.     

提高反刍家畜对尿素的利用率

反刍家畜瘤胃微生物利用尿素合成的微生物蛋白质 ,能被家畜自身消化、吸收、利用。因此给反刍家畜饲喂尿素可以节省蛋白质饲料、降低饲料成本 ,能提高家畜的生产性能。但如果尿素饲喂不当 ,会降低其利用率。本文论述了影响尿素利用率的因素、尿素的饲喂方法及应注意的问题     

尿素在草甸褐土中分解转化特征及影响因素的研究

采用好气培养法对２０℃和３５℃两种培养温度下,尿素和尿素混施ＤＣＤ在草甸褐土中的氮转化进行了研究,结果表明：草甸褐土的尿酶活性与硝化活力均较强,尿素施入土壤后即迅速水解,２ｄ时已水解１９．９９％～８５．０２％,ｄ水解９０％以上。转化生成的ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ,很快进行硝化作用,生成ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ并在土壤中积累。土壤氮的矿化随培养温度的升高和培养时间的延长明显增加,表明在温度较高、作物吸收能力弱的多雨季节