林地覆盖经营对雷竹林土壤氮素形态及硝化-反硝化作用的影响

为探讨林地覆盖经营对雷竹林土壤氮素形态和硝化作用、反硝化作用的影响,选择了覆盖11、3、5 a和不覆盖(CK)4种处理的雷竹林,测定0 20 cm土层土壤全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量,并采用气压过程分离系统(BaPS)测定土壤总硝化速率和反硝化速率。结果表明:随着覆盖年限的增加,试验雷竹林0 20 cm土层土壤全氮含量总体呈增加趋势,覆盖雷竹林全氮含量显著高于CK;土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均呈倒"N"型变化,覆盖3 a雷竹林的铵态氮和硝态氮含量最高;土壤铵硝比递增,覆盖3 a后显著提高,覆盖5 a后铵态氮是雷竹林土壤无机氮库的主要存在形式;土壤总硝化速率呈下降趋势,总体上与不同形态氮素含量、铵硝比相关性不显著,且相关性强度随覆盖经营年限的增加而减弱。土壤反硝化速率在覆盖3 a及以下年限时基本为0,覆盖5 a时显著提高,达69.53 μg·kg^-1·h^-1。研究表明,林地覆盖经营对雷竹林土壤氮素形态及组分比例的影响较明显,削弱了土壤硝化作用,土壤氮素不是限制硝化作用进行的主要因子,长期覆盖经营会显著提高土壤反硝化作用,增大土壤氮素的损失。在实际生产中建议采用休闲式覆盖方式,连续覆盖时间不超过3 a。     

祁连山森林土壤的水文生态效应

祁连山水源涵养林受立地水热条件的影响和自然、历史干扰,多世代演替共存,分布占祁连山3个垂直气候带,主要由湿性灌丛林、青海云杉林、祁连圆柏林、干性灌丛林4种类型组成,6个林型即湿性灌丛林、藓类青海云杉林、灌木青海云杉林、草类青海云杉林、祁连圆柏林、干性灌丛林。调查研究表明,各类森林枯落物(层)的现存量,组成成分、持水率、持水量等均不相同。森林土壤矿质层的主要物理性质因森林类型而不同,并均随着土壤的深度呈某种规律性的变异。森林土壤的持水量主要受土壤孔隙度的影响。在祁连山林区,森林土壤的持水量较非林地(牧坡草地)土壤为高,在各森林类型中青海云杉林和灌丛林的持水量,较祁连圆柏林为高。     

施放生物定时水对造林地水分动态影响的研究

根据实地测定和前人研究成果,分析了施放生物定时水后土壤含水率、土壤水分蒸发、土壤水分渗漏及植物水分吸收关系,推导出造林植物需补充水量的公式,为生物定时水的造林应用提供理论依据。     

Photosynthetic physio-response of Taxodium ascendens seedlings to different soil water gradients

Four different kinds of water treatments were applied to study the photosynthetic eco-physiological characteristics of Taxodium ascendens seedlings in the environment of the Three Gorges hydro-fluctuation belt. The four kinds of water treatments were: normal growth water condition (CK), light drought stress (T1), soil water saturation (T2), and soil submersion (T3). The results showed that different water treatments could effectively influence the content of the photosynthetic pigment, leaf gas exchange and apparent resources use efficiency of T. ascendens seedlings. It was also demonstrated that the T. ascendens seedlings could not only tolerate water submersion and wet conditions but also endure a certain degree of drought. To establish a protection forest system in the hydro-fluctuation belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the species T. ascendens is suitable for planting in conditions of root submersion or water-saturated soil. In case it is planted in drought conditions, this tree species should be watered appropriately in order to keep its normal net photosynthetic rate. Translated from Forest Research, 2006, 19(1): 54–60 [译自: 林业科学研究]     

栎林凋落层土壤动物群落结构及其在凋落物分解中的变化

2002年4月～2002年10月,采用凋落袋法(5、1、1/300 mm)对北京九龙山栎树(Quercus liaotungensis)纯林和混交林(辽东栎∶油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)=2∶ 1)凋落层土壤动物群落特征及在凋落叶分解过程中动态变化进行研究.在两种林型98只分解袋中,共采集到土壤动物3 564只,隶属3门10纲19目,其中膜翅目(Hymenoptera)、啮虫目(Psocoptera)、双翅目(Diptera)、弹尾目(Collembola)和蜱螨目(Acariformes)为优势类群.土壤动物以杂食性为主.混交林中小型土壤动物个体数量和类群数均大于栎树纯林,而大型土壤动物个体数量类群数均低于栎树纯林,两种林型土壤动物类群数和个体数在α=0.05差异不显著.3种凋落物袋中,栎树纯林土壤动物总类群数和个体总数均为1 mm＞5 mm＞1/300 mm;混交林土壤动物个体数1 mm＞5 mm＞1/300 mm,类群数则5 mm＞1 mm＞1/300 mm,并在8或9月达最大值.土壤动物多样性指数随时间推移呈增长趋势,土壤动物群落异质性较高.土壤动物优势类群与凋落物分解残存量之间的相关性不显著(rs<0.786, p>0.05).蜱螨目在栎树纯林凋落物中集聚的时间最长,啮虫目集聚的时间最短,分别为10.33和8.53个月;膜翅目在栎树混交林凋落物中集聚的时间最长,双翅目集聚的时间最短,分别为9.95和8.13个月.     

三峡库区莲峡河小流域马尾松水文生态效应

2004年,在三峡库区莲峡河小流域马尾松林地进行了大气降水、林内透雨、树干茎流的测定,进行了林下枯落物和土壤对降雨影响的研究.结果表明:观测期,马尾松林内透雨占大气降水总量的76.70%,林冠层截留量占降雨总量的23.03%,树干茎流占降雨总量的0.27%;林下枯落物的最大持水量为3.40 mm,林地0～40 cm层土壤饱和蓄水量为183.60 mm;林内透雨、树干茎流、林冠截流与大气降水量以及降雨强度具有显著的二元线性相关关系.     

Influence of soil acidity on depth gradients of microbial biomass in beech forest soils

The objectives of the study were to investigate mineral soil profiles as a living space for microbial decomposers and the relation of microbial properties to soil acidity. We estimated microbial biomass C on concentration (g g^–1 DW) as well as on volume basis (g m^–2) and the microbial biomass C to soil organic C ratio along a vertical gradient from L horizon to 20 cm in the mineral soil and along a gradient of increasing acidity at five beech forest stands in Germany. Microbial biomass C concentration ranged from 17,000–34,000 g C_mic g^–1 DW in the litter layer and decreased dramatically down the profile to 29–264 g C_mic g^–1 DW at 15–20 cm depth in the mineral soil. This represents depth gradients of microbial biomass C concentrations ranging from a factor of 65 in slightly acidic and up to 875 in acidic soils. In contrast, microbial biomass C calculated on a volume basis (g C_mic m^–2) showed a different pattern since a considerable part of the microbial biomass C was located in the mineral soils. In the soil profile 22–34% of the microbial biomass C was found in the mineral soil at strictly acidic sites and as much as 64–88% in slightly acidic soils. The microbial biomass C to soil organic carbon ratios decreased in general down from the L horizon in the forest floor to 0–5 cm depth in the mineral soils. In strongly acidic mineral soils however, the C to soil organic carbon ratio increased with depth, suggesting a positive relation to increasing pH. We conclude from depth gradients of soil pH and microbial biomass C to soil organic carbon ratio that pH affects this ratio at acidic sites. The inter-site comparison indicates that acidity restricts microbial biomass C in the mineral soils.     

渍水土壤还原过程对土壤结构的影响研究综述

综述了渍水土壤还原过程中微生物代谢、化学变化、土壤结构和土壤胶体的稳定性的相关研究 .在还原过程中 ,随着好氧细菌、兼性厌氧细菌、硫酸还原菌和甲烷菌的活动 ,相继形成氨、硝酸根离子、亚铁离子、硫化物、气体物质及有机酸 .在渍水初期 ,水溶性阳离子浓度的增加导致土壤悬浊液凝集 .在渍水后期 ,亚铁沉淀的形成致使二价水溶性阳离子浓度降低 ,使得土壤胶粒悬浊液分散 .在还原条件下 ,土壤胶体稳定性的变化过程是一个动电机理 .     

Planted conifer seedling growth under two soil thermal regimes in high-elevation forest openings in interior British Columbia

A field trial was conducted investigating the single season growth response of 1+0 313 PSB Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) seedlings planted into two different soil thermal regimes at three high-elevation locations spanning 200 km in the Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir (ESSF) biogeoclimatic zone in the Cariboo Mountains of central British Columbia. Temperature treatments represented the extremes of soil temperature commonly found in high-elevation clear-cuts. A warm soil treatment (clear day, mid-afternoon soil temperature in mid-summer of 18 to 25 °C at –10 cm) consisting of a bare mineral soil hummock (average dimensions of 100 cm × 100 cm × 40 cm) was contrasted with a cool soil treatment (clear day, mid-afternoon soil temperature in mid-summer of 10 to 13 °C at –10 cm) comprised of organic forest floor overlying mineral soil. By the end of the growing season, seedlings of both species planted into the warm treatment generally exhibited greater root, stem, foliage, and total seedling biomass than cool treatment seedlings. Measurements of root growth at 30, 60, and 90 days after planting showed that total root number and total root length were consistently greater for warm treatment seedlings than for cool treatment seedlings. Root growth was greater from the bottom rather than from the side of the root plug for all seedlings. These results suggest that the effect of low soil temperatures on outplanted styroblock conifer seedlings is pronounced and may be limiting growth performance in high-elevation plantations in British Columbia. We recommend silvicultural treatments that secure natural regeneration, ensure that warmer microsites are always planted, and utilize seedling stocktypes able to make rapid lateral root growth into warmer surface organic horizons.