水田自然免耕土壤有机质变化特性研究

水田自然免耕后,土壤有机质含量比淹水平作土壤低,比水旱轮作土壤高,随着免耕时间延长,免耕土壤的有机质和活性有机质逐渐回升.免耕垄作土壤的腐殖质特别是松结合态腐殖质相对含量增多,土壤复合度增加,有利于土壤结构的改善。     

考虑不密实接触地下埋管联合受力分析

埋藏式压力钢管设计中,钢衬、混凝土衬圈和围岩之间普遍存在着不连续的缝隙,致使设计计算时难以进行联合受力分析。针对这种不密实接触问题,采用厚壁圆环组合环法,提出了在钢衬和混凝土之间设置接触层的钢衬、混凝土衬圈和围岩三者联合受力分析方法。并利用变形协调条件,推导出各环变形的解析解,得到钢衬和围岩的压力分担比。不同接触情况下的受力分析结果表明,当接触层弹性模量小于混凝土弹模的1/100时,接触层的弹性模量变化对钢衬和围岩压力分担比的影响较大;而接触层厚度对压力分担比的影响不甚明显。另外,接触层参数可通过其变形与规范建议的初始缝隙相匹配的原则加以确定。     

福建省几种典型红壤性水稻土稀土含量的研究——Ⅱ.稀土与土壤成分的相关分析

对供试土壤的稀土总量(Σ REE),轻稀土含量(Σ LREE)和重稀土含量(Σ HREE)与土壤颗粒组成、有机质含量、腐殖质组成及不同形态氧化铁含量之间的相关关系进行了统计分析.结果表明:(1)ΣREE、Σ LREE 与土壤粘粒,有机质、腐殖质及组成,Fe_t,Fe_d,Fe_(d_o),Fe_(t-d)之间均呈极显著相关;(2)Σ HREE 与上述物质的相关均不显著.     

不同施肥制度下褐土结合态腐殖质动态变化

通过8年定位试验,研究了不同施肥制度下褐土结合态腐殖质动态变化规律。结果表明,不同施肥制度主要影响松结态腐殖质碳含量,对稳结态和紧结态的影响较小。采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥,土壤有机碳和结合态腐殖质碳表现为以递减速率持续上升;不施肥和单施常量NPK化肥则造成土壤有机碳和结合态腐殖质碳不断降低,其下降速率亦表现为递减。在试验的不同阶段,土壤有机碳的亏损或盈余向结合态腐殖质碳分配比例的变化态势各异,不施肥处理随时间的延长渐增,而施用有机肥(物)料配施化肥则呈相反趋势。     

Effects of Long-term Located Fertilization on the Physico-chemical Property of Soil Humus

A systematic study concerning the effects of a long-term stationary fertilization on content and property of soil humus in fluvo-aquic soil sampled from Malan Farm, Xinji City, Hebei, and arid red soil and paddy red soil sampled from the Institute of Red Soil, Jinxian County, Jiangxi was conducted. The results showed that long-term fertilization had effects not only on the content and composition of soil humus, but also on the physico-chemical property of humus. With applying organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer, E4 and E6 values of humic acid decreased in fluvo-aquic soil and arid red soil,but increased in paddy red soil. In paddy red soil, E4 and E6 values of humic acid increased also with a single application of chemical fertilizer, but E4 and E6 values had less change of humic acid in fluvo-aquic soil and arid red soil. The effects on the visible spectroscopic property of fulvic acid were different from that of humic acid. Long-term application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could increase E4 and E6 values of fulvic acid in three types of soil. Single application of chemical fertilizer had less effect on the E4 and E6. Long-term fertilization could also influence the ultraviolet spectroscopic property of humus. With a single application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer, the ultraviolet absorbance of humic acid and fulvic acid increased in the three types of soil.But this effect was obvious only in short wave length, and the effect could decrease if the wave length increased. With a single application of chemical fertilizer the ultraviolet absorbance of fulvic acid could increase, but it of humic acid increased only in fluvo-aquic soil. Long-term application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could increase the content of total acidic groups, carboxy groups and phenolic hydroxy groups of humic acid and fuvic acid in the three types of soil.Single application of chemical fertilizer had less effect on the content of total acidic groups, carboxy groups and phenolic hydroxy groups of humic acid and fuvic acid in the three types of soil.     

氮磷钾肥配比对白菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

通过田间小区试验，采用三因素五水平正交旋转组合设计，研究了红菜园土中氮磷钾肥配比对白菜硝酸盐含量和产量的影响．结果表明，能保证白菜产量为最高理论产量的60％-75％，同时控制其硝酸盐含量为16002100mg／kg的最佳氮磷钾肥配比分别为150～180，23-65，92～173kg／hm^2．     

长期定位施肥对土壤腐殖质理化性质的影响

 以潮土、旱地红壤和红壤性水稻土为研究对象 ,探讨了长期施肥对土壤腐殖质含量与性质的影响。结果表明 ,长期施肥不仅影响土壤腐殖质的含量与组成 ,还影响腐殖质的理化性质。施有机肥或有机无机肥配施降低潮土和旱地红壤胡敏酸的E4和E6值 ,提高红壤性水稻土胡敏酸的E4和E6值。单施化肥也能提高红壤性水稻土胡敏酸的E4和E6值 ,但对潮土和旱地红壤胡敏酸E4和E6值影响不大。长期施肥对土壤耕层富里酸可见光谱的影响与胡敏酸不同 ,施有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能提高 3种土壤富里酸的E4和E6值 ,单施化肥对 3种土壤富里酸的E4和E6值基本上没有影响。长期施肥也影响腐殖质的紫外吸收光谱 ,长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能提高 3种土壤胡敏酸和富里酸的紫外吸收光谱值 ,但这种作用只在短波长方向明显 ,随着波长的增加影响减小。单施化肥也可以提高富里酸的紫外吸收值 ,但只能提高潮土胡敏酸的紫外吸收值。长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施均能提高 3种土壤胡敏酸和富里酸的总酸性基、羧基和酚羟基含量 ,单施化肥对胡敏酸和富里酸含氧功能团含量的影响不大     

菜园土肥力特征及蔬菜硝酸盐污染的调控技术Ⅳ.有机无机肥配合施用对小白菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的影响

通过田问小区试验，研究有机肥与化肥配合施用对小白菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的影响．结果表明：有机肥与化肥配施，可以明显地降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量，尤以有机肥与化肥施用比例为1：1时产量较高和硝酸盐含量较低，达到了高产优质．     

亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺处理高含氮废水的研究

采用实验室规模的亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合工艺,研究其对高含氮、低C/N废水的处理能力.结果表明,亚硝化反应器的水力停留时间控制在1.0d时,亚硝化活性比较稳定,进水氨氮浓度对其影响不大.进水氨氮浓度在400～600 mg/L时,出水亚硝酸氮浓度都在260～280 mg/L,可以通过控制进水氨氮浓度调节出水亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率.亚硝化反应器出水的亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率对厌氧氨氧化脱氮率有重要的作用.当进水氨氮浓度为480 mg/L时,出水中亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.2左右,进入厌氧氨氧化反应器的氮物质去除率达到     

固定道垄作小麦玉米两用免耕播种机的研制

针对固定道垄作保护性耕作技术推广中缺乏合适播种机具的问题,研制了固定道垄作小麦玉米两用免耕播种机。与之配套的拖拉机轮胎和机具地轮均在垄沟中行走,不压实播种带;播种作业时避开根茬,减少机具的堵塞,同时节省功耗;利用修垄装置对原垄进行修复,修复后松散的垄沿及播种带用组合镇压器镇压。通过调整、更换部分部件可以实现小麦、玉米两用播种。田间试验表明:避茬率达92%以上,对行性能好;修垄圆盘前进偏角为20°~45°时修复效果较好;所播种的小麦苗齐苗壮。该播种机可一次性完成施肥、播种、修垄、镇压等作业,满足在原垄上进行避茬免耕播种的生产要求。