Assessing the effectiveness of manure export plus intensive silage cropping for lowering the Olsen‐P status of P‐enriched grassland

A substantial proportion of farmed grassland soils in Northern Ireland (NI) are overly enriched with P and pose a risk to water quality. To address this problem, manure could be exported rather than recycled to P‐enriched land and the latter intensively cropped with grass silage to deplete soil P. To assess the efficacy of such a strategy, a P‐ and K‐enriched grassland site was intensively cropped over a 6‐yr period with fertilizer N alone supplied to support silage growth. By year 6, soil P had declined from index 5 to index 3, and it was estimated that two more years of this management may bring it into the target index 2 range. Soil K, however, declined rapidly from index 4 to index 1 in just 4 yr, with the result that grass production became limited by K deficiency. It was concluded that nonrecycling of manure to P‐enriched grassland under silage management is probably the most effective strategy for lowering soil P status, but care must be taken to prevent K deficiency occurring.     

酸性土壤中决明属牧草高效根瘤菌的分离及筛选

为提高豆科决明属（Chamaecrista spp.）牧草的结瘤能力和固氮效率，促进决明属牧草在酸性土壤中的应用及推广，本研究以圆叶决明（Chamaecrista rotundifolia）和羽叶决明（Chamaecrasta nictitans）为试验材料，通过分离、纯化、nodA基因鉴定等方法，从酸性土壤里决明属牧草的根瘤中分离到10株候选根瘤菌株系。16S rDNA测序及系统发育树分析表明，这10株根瘤菌均属于慢生型根瘤菌。回接试验表明，上述10株根瘤菌均能与圆叶决明共生，形成根瘤。与不接种的对照相比，其固氮酶活性为0.08~4.65 μmol·g^-1·h^-1，植株干重、SPAD值和氮含量分别提高了99.17%~372.14%，399.27%~789.05%，235.00%~1043.33%。其中，4株根瘤菌TXR2，TXN1，WYSR1，JYN6对圆叶决明氮营养贡献最大，并且TXN1与宿主共生形成的根瘤数目最多，而JYN6的固氮酶活性最高。说明本研究分离鉴定到4株决明高效根瘤菌，具有较好的应用前景。     

Isolating the effect of soil properties on agricultural soil greenhouse gas emissions under controlled conditions

Agricultural soils are important sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Soil properties and environmental factors have complex interactions which influence the dynamics of these GHG fluxes. Four arable and five grassland soils which represent the range of soil textures and climatic conditions of the main agricultural areas in the UK were incubated at two different moisture contents (50 or 80% water holding capacity) and with or without inorganic fertiliser application (70 kg N ha⁻¹ ammonium nitrate) over 22 days. Emissions of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ were measured twice per week by headspace gas sampling, and cumulative fluxes were calculated. Multiple regression modelling was carried out to determine which factors (soil mineral N, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, C:N ratios, clay contents and pH) that best explained the variation in GHG fluxes. Clay, mineral N and soil C contents were found to be the most important explanatory variables controlling GHG fluxes in this study. However, none of the measured variables explained a significant amount of variation in CO₂ fluxes from the arable soils. The results were generally consistent with previously published work. However, N₂O emissions from the two Scottish soils were substantially more sensitive to inorganic N fertiliser application at 80% water holding capacity than the other soils, with the N₂O emissions being up to 107 times higher than the other studied soils.     

红富士生长特性及主要病害的防治

招远市是红富士之乡，是我国红富士苹果的主产区之一。产出的红富士苹果色艳形正、口感 清爽、汁多脆甜、久贮不绵，备受市场欢迎和好评。产量稳定、质量上乘得益于得天独厚的自然条件和 先进的生产技术，得益于果农的辛劳付出，更得意于国家的好政策。生产中，充分了解红富士的生长 特性，并及时防治病害，是确保产量和品质的前提措施之一。     

Strategies for applying selenium for biofortification of rice in tropical soils and their effect on element accumulation and distribution in grains

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the selenium (Se) application via soil (SeVI) and leaf (SeIV and SeVI) on agronomic attributes of rice and the spatial distribution of Se and other elements in biofortified rice grains. For this, a field trial was conducted using six Se rates (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 g ha⁻¹). Physiological evaluations in rice leaves, rice grain yield, and Se and other elements content were assessed. Spatial distributions of Se and other elements were visualized mapping the biofortified rice grains with μXRF. The results showed that the strategies and rates of Se applied to the plants were effective for producing Se-rich rice grains. Although Se application did not change the rice yield, it affected some enzyme activities, improving the antioxidant system of the plant. The spatial distribution of the different elements found in the biofortified rice grains varied substantially, with Se accumulations mainly in the endosperm, whereas P, K, Fe, and Zn accumulate in the embryo. Agronomic biofortification of rice with Se, via soil or leaf, is a promising strategy to be adopted in tropical soils in order to produce rice grains with adequate Se contents for human consumption.     

红壤区肥液浓度对涌泉根灌水氮运移特性的影响

为提高红壤区涌泉根灌水氮利用效率,通过室内肥液入渗试验,研究了不同肥液浓度(0,10,20,35,60 g/L)条件下涌泉根灌土壤的入渗能力、湿润锋运移距离、土壤水分分布以及铵态氮和硝态氮的运移特性,并建立了红壤涌泉根灌土壤累计入渗量及湿润锋在竖直向上、竖直向下和水平方向的运移距离与肥液浓度的关系模型。结果表明:土壤累计入渗量、湿润锋运移距离以及湿润体内水分和氮素的分布均受到肥液浓度的影响。在同一入渗时刻,土壤累计入渗量及湿润锋运移距离随肥液浓度的增大而增大,且与入渗历时均呈幂函数关系;在灌水结束时,相同土层深度内,肥液浓度越大,土壤含水率就越大,土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的浓度也越大,且与铵态氮相比,硝态氮的分布范围更广。随着肥液再分布的进行,土层内最大含水率位置逐渐下移,且土壤含水率的分布也更加均匀;土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮浓度的变化趋势不同,浅层中铵态氮的浓度逐渐降低,而硝态氮的浓度先降低后增加;深层中铵态氮的浓度先增加后降低,而硝态氮的浓度逐渐增加。该研究成果可为进一步研究红壤区涌泉根灌肥液入渗氮素运移及转化提供理论参考。     

麻山药种植田沙壤土流动性离散元模型颗粒放尺效应

为简化麻山药-沙壤土复合体离散元模型，提高离散单元法在农业领域中的计算效率，以沙壤土为研究对象，在EDEM离散元软件中构建非球形颗粒，进行双目标参数标定试验，采用放大颗粒粒径方法，利用转鼓、坍塌与FT4流变仿真试验，从颗粒群动态堆积角、流动质量、流动速率以及能量等方面探究了颗粒放尺效应对颗粒群物理特性的影响。试验结果表明：干燥处理后的2 mm粒径沙壤土基质静态堆积角和动态堆积角平均值分别为32.16°和35.02°；与独立标定试验相比，双目标标定试验获得的仿真参数更具准确性与唯一性；在动态堆积角试验中，真实沙壤土颗粒在转鼓中所形成的动态堆积角随粒径和旋转速度的增大而减小，而在仿真试验中，转鼓转速相同情况下，非球形颗粒群在增大粒径的情况下所产生的动态休止角差异较小；坍塌试验中，不同粒径颗粒群在流动过程中的流动质量与平均流速变化趋势基本一致，但误差随粒径增大而增大；颗粒质量相同时，将粒径分别放大2倍及4倍，颗粒数量同比减少87.24%、98.92%，仿真时间明显缩短，计算效率显著提高；FT4流变试验表明，当放尺因子S为2时，阻力FV及其力矩T随时间变化的拟合曲线值约为原尺时的2倍，而当放尺因子S为4时，与原尺相比，拟合曲线斜率差异显著，相关性明显降低。研究结果可为构建沙壤土离散元放尺模型提供理论依据，同时也可为农业工程离散元放尺仿真计算提供一定参考。     

宁南山区经济林降雨集流机理试验研究

[目的]探究宁夏回族自治区固原市原州区彭堡镇红梅杏经济林降雨集流渗灌系统的雨水收集能力,明确当地红梅杏经济林降雨分配特征,为降雨集流的定量研究和该地区集雨农业的发展提供科学依据。[方法]以当地红梅杏为研究对象,采用对比观测的方法,以天然降雨和人工模拟降雨相结合的方式,对红梅杏降雨集流过程进行观测与模拟。[结果] 2019年7—9月在彭堡红梅杏基地观测到的总计19场降雨数据,天然降雨中5 mm以下的降雨次数占到天然降雨总次数的83.3%,天然降雨与人工模拟降雨的相似系数为0.91,总体的集流率为61.29%,渗灌系统截留率为27.12%,林冠截留率为11.95%。[结论]试验地小降雨频率大,两种降雨方式具有较高相似性,降雨集流渗灌系统集流效率高,渗灌系统的集流量与降雨量成线性关系(R~2=0.995 5),集流率与降雨量成对数关系(R~2=0.693 9)。     

耕作措施对坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失的影响

云南山地面积约占全省土地总面积的94%,特殊的地形特征,极易引发坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失,严重影响了农业可持续生产。采取有效的农艺措施来减少坡耕地土壤养分流失是十分有必要的。为此,通过4年定位试验对顺坡(2组处理)、横坡(2组处理)2种耕作方向的复合农艺措施处理进行研究。结果表明:云南坡地红壤的径流时间主要集中在6—9月,且产流雨量占年降雨量的65.62%～75.82%。产流雨量与年降雨量呈现一致趋势。径流量和产流雨量呈线性关系(R_(NVF)~2=0.597 7,R_(OVF)~2=0.415 1,R_(OHF)~2=0.378 2,R_(OHFR)~2=0.335 5),其相关性大小顺序为顺坡处理横坡处理,不施肥处理施肥处理,覆膜处理揭膜处理(P0.01)。大雨(25～49.9 mm)和暴雨(≥50 mm)造成了年度大部分径流和养分的流失。横坡垄作组处理产生地表径流(177.13±28.87)～(182.28±33.75) mm,径流中总氮流失量(7.66±2.51)～(7.85±1.92) kg/hm~2,总磷流失量为(0.91±0.26)～(1.09±0.27) kg/hm~2,与顺坡垄作OVF(常规处理)相比径流和养分极显著减少了49.57%～52.13%,33.16%～53.88%(P0.01)。不同耕作措施下,复合耕作模式(优化施肥+横坡垄作+旺长期揭膜)拦截径流和养分流失的效果最好。RDA分析结果发现,与降雨量相比较,径流量是影响氮磷养分变化的主要环境因子(P0.01)。径流量与氮养分(NH_4~+-N除外)流失量的相关性高于与磷的相关性,表明氮比磷更容易随径流流失。顺坡处理NVF和OVF与环境因子径流量和氮磷养分流失量TN、TDN、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N、TP、TDP呈正相关,横坡处理OHF和OHFR与其呈负相关。