鸡粪菌渣好氧堆肥过程中氨氧化古菌及氨氧化细菌群落的动态变化

以amo A基因为标记,通过Real-Time PCR和限制性片段长度多态性(Restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)法对鸡粪菌渣好氧堆肥过程中的氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)和氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)进行了丰度及群落结构的分析。结果表明,在堆制初期、好氧发酵高温期及后熟期,AOB的amo A基因丰度均占主导优势,是AOA的38~992倍。进入好氧发酵高温期,AOA amo A基因丰度下降至发酵前的0.9%,AOB下降至17.6%,后熟期AOA与AOB的amo A基因丰度与好氧发酵高温期相当。在上述3个阶段AOA与AOB各自存在一个绝对优势菌群,分别为Cluster 3和Nitrosomonas europaea,其中Cluster 3克隆子数目分别占整个克隆文库的70.73%、54.28%、72.45%,Nitrosomonas europaea克隆子数目分别占整个克隆文库的78.44%、93.20%、94.27%。堆肥3个阶段AOA的多样性指数变化不大,Shannon-Wiener值维持在1.53~1.60,但群落结构发生明显演替,随着堆肥温度升高,堆肥前期的一些菌群(Cluster 4、Cluster 5、Cluster 6)逐渐消失,新的菌群Cluster 1出现并成为堆肥中后期的第二大优势菌群。AOB无论是多样性指数还是群落组成,都发生剧烈的变化。AOB在堆肥前期Shannon-Wiener指数值最大(1.47),种群数最多(6个基因簇,分别为Nitrosomonas europaea Cluster,Nitrosomonas halophila Cluster,Nitrosomonas communis Cluster,Nitrosomonas nitrosa Cluster,Nitrosospira briensis Cluster,Nitrosospira multiformis Cluster);进入高温发酵期,Shannon-Wiener下降至0.45,群落结构单一,只有Nitrosomonas europaea Cluster和Nitrosomonas halophila Cluster;进入后熟期,AOB多样性及种群数得到一定程度的回升。     

不同小麦品种主要品质性状及相关酶活性研究

 根据小麦成熟期籽粒的蛋白质、谷蛋白大聚合体(GMP)、湿面筋含量及沉降值、面团稳定时间等蛋白质品质指标的差异，用聚类分析的方法将供试的9个小麦品种分为3组：高GMP含量、高面团稳定时间组；低GMP含量、低面团稳定时间组；中GMP含量、中面团稳定时间组。研究在籽粒灌浆过程中，可溶性蛋白含量、蛋白质合成与分解过程相关酶活性的变化动态，及与蛋白质品质指标的关系。结果表明，蛋白质含量与GMP含量、沉降值、面团稳定时间之间无显著相关性，GMP含量与诸品质指标呈显著正相关，表明GMP含量更能代表加工品质的优劣；灌浆前中期硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性对可溶性蛋白（SB）含量有显著影响，灌浆中后期内肽酶（EP）、羧肽酶（CP）、氨肽酶（AP）活性对可溶性蛋白含量有显著影响；高GMP组旗叶可溶性蛋白含量显著高于中GMP组和低GMP组。以上结果表明，在灌浆过程中，较高的可溶性蛋白质代谢水平，即灌浆前中期具有较高的NR、GS活性和灌浆中后期具有较高的EP、CP、AP活性，是具有较高的GMP含量的生理基础。     

Long-term trends in the abundance of Mediterranean wetland vertebrates: From global recovery to localized declines

Biodiversity loss is unevenly distributed in space and time. Species have reached critically low population sizes in some areas, and remain abundant in others. Similarly, some species may benefit from successful conservation plans, while others still experience severe population depletions driven by negative impacts of human activities. Although several indicators have been proposed to measure the fate of biodiversity, they are generally only implemented globally so their relevance for regional assessment is still unclear. Here, we calculated the first regional trend in the Living Planet Index for the Mediterranean wetlands (Med LPI), an indicator that summarizes the fate of global biological diversity based on the temporal trends in abundance of vertebrate populations. The Med LPI was based on 1641 vertebrate populations of 311 species recorded in Mediterranean wetlands from 1970–2008, in 27 different countries. We investigated whether trends in the Med LPI differed between eastern and western Mediterranean countries, which have different socio-economic contexts. Finally, we assessed whether and how the trend in the Med LPI was robust to changes in the number and identity of species considered. We found that, at the Mediterranean scale, the Med LPI increased steeply, which could be taken at first sight, as a general recovery of wetland biodiversity in this biogeographical region. However, we found highly contrasting spatial trends within the Mediterranean region: the average trend was positive for western and negative for eastern countries. Moreover, we showed that depending on the method used to estimate the trend in Med LPI, it can be sensitive to the number and identity of the species considered. We suggest that understanding the regional discrepancies of the trend in biodiversity indicators as well as their robustness to the species represented in the index will enhance progress assessment towards global and regional conservation strategies.     

基于RBF神经网络的难加工金属材料数控加工控制方法研究

在不确定性和竞争性的策略互动环境中,根据投资时机相对性和绝对性的不同要求可以将期权博弈模型划分为绝对时机选择和相对时机选择两个类型。我们首先综述投资时机选择的期权博弈理论文献;然后以“随机最优停止问题”为研究基点,分别探讨投资时机选择的完全信息与不完全信息期权博弈模型;最后论述基于“追随-抢先模型”的投资时机选择期权博弈评价。     

中国高等级旅游资源数量与旅游人数、旅游收入的关系研究

旅游资源是旅游业发展的基础,其数量与质量直接影响区域旅游业发展的水平与规模.但在旅游资源质量基本一致的情况下,其数量对旅游发展的影响如何的研究较少,故文中选取全国及31个省区(不包括香港、澳门与台湾)17种世界级、国家级旅游资源数量、旅游人数、旅游收入的数据,对旅游资源数量与旅游人数、旅游收入的关系进行了实证分析.结果...     

玉米抗旱性鉴定指标的研究

研究指出抗旱系数及脯氨酸含量、叶水势、丙二醛含量、相对电导率、蒸腾速率、叶面积和叶形态变化等指标均可作为玉米抗旱性鉴定指标的良好参数 ,并以抗旱系数为主要参数计算了各生理生化指标的相关系数 ,用以衡量这些指标在玉米抗旱性鉴定及综合评价的重要性。     

Fungal abundance and distribution as influenced by clearing and land use in a vertic soil of Argentina

The influence of native vegetation clearing and different further soil managements on fungal propagule population diversity was studied in the present work. In each of the 3 years (1998, 1999, and 2000), soil samples were collected at the depth of 0–7.5 cm from sites under native vegetation (V0); naturalized prairie, cleared in 1982 (P16); conventional tillage, cleared in 1972 (T26); and direct drilling, cleared in 1958 (D40). Fungal population size and relative abundance of fungal genera were studied by plate counts and further identification of isolates on potato dextrose agar. The undisturbed site and the other sites with increasing time elapsed since native vegetation clearing and different management history showed a distinctive distribution of fungal genera. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among the sites in the abundance of fungal genera analyzed in all the 3 years. Principal component analysis based on relative fungal genus abundance differentiated the sites with 75% variance explained by the first and second components. Diversity and abundance of isolated fungal genera were increased as density of Penicillium spp. decreased, suggesting a competitive effect of this fungal genus. The largest diversity was found in the site under no-till management. The different distribution and relative abundance of the fungal genera studied seemed to be influenced strongly by the management and the presence of surface residue in the no-tilled site.     

Correlation between earthworms and plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico

Earthworms are recognized to play an important role in the decomposition of organic materials. To test the use of earthworms as an indicator of plant litter decomposition, we examined the abundance and biomass of earthworms in relation to plant litter decomposition in a tropical wet forest of Puerto Rico. We collected earthworms at 0–0.1 m and 0.1–0.25 m soil depths from upland and riparian sites that represent the natural variation in soils and decomposition rates within the forest. Earthworms were hand-sorted and weighed for both fresh and dry biomass. Earthworms were dominated by the exotic endogeic species Pontoscolex corethrurus Müller; they were more abundant, and had higher biomasses in the upland than in riparian sites of the forest. Plant leaf litter decomposed faster in the upland than riparian sites. We found that earthworm abundance in the upper 0.1 m of the soil profile positively correlated with decomposition rate of plant leaf litter. Ground litter removal had no effect on the abundance or biomass of endogeic earthworms. Our data suggest that earthworms can be used to predict decomposition rates of plant litter in the tropical wet forest, and that the decomposition of aboveground plant litter has little influence on the abundance and biomass of endogeic earthworms.     

Isotopic fractionation during N2 fixation by four tropical legumes

To quantify the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to legume crops using the ¹⁵N natural abundance technique, it is necessary to determine the ¹⁵N abundance of the N derived from BNF—the B value. In this study, we used a technique to determine B whereby both legume and non-N₂-fixing reference plants were grown under the same conditions in two similar soils, one artificially labelled with ¹⁵N, and the other not. The proportion of N derived from BNF (%Ndfa) was determined from the plants grown in the ¹⁵N-labelled soil and it was assumed that the %Ndfa values of the legumes grown in the two soils were the same, hence the B value of the legumes could be calculated. The legumes used were velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and soybean (Glycine max) inoculated, or not, with different strains of rhizobium. The values of %Ndfa were all over 89%, and all the legumes grown in unlabelled soil showed negative δ¹⁵N values even though the plant-available N in this soil was found to be approximately +6.0‰. The B values for the shoot tissue (B_s) were calculated and ranged from approximately −1.4‰ for inoculated sunnhemp and groundnut to −2.4 and −4.5‰ for soybean inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain CPAC 7 and Bradyrhizobium elkanii strain 29W, respectively. The B (B_wp) values for the whole plants including roots, nodules and the original seed N were still significantly different between the soybean plants inoculated with CPAC 7 (−1.33‰) and 29W (−2.25‰). In a parallel experiment conducted in monoxenic culture using the same soybean variety and Bradyrhizobium strains, the plants accumulated less N from BNF and the values were less negative, but still significantly different for soybean inoculated with the two different Bradyrhizobium strains. The results suggest that the technique utilized in this study to determine B with legume plants grown in soil in the open air, yields B values that are more appropriate for use under field conditions.     

中亚热带丝栗栲群落物种-个体关系的研究

对中亚热带丝栗栲群落物种 个体关系研究结果表明 ,剩余标准差 (RSE)、偏差绝对值平均值 (AAD)和相对偏差绝对值平均值 (AARD) 3个评价指标之间存在极强正秩相关 ,表明它们对物种 个体关系模型评价结果具很强一致性 ,乔木层 5种曲线拟合效果最佳为y =1.85 18x2 - 7.84 86x 14 .5 ,灌木层 5种曲线拟合效果最佳为y =12 4 84e0 .1572x;群落中乔木层和灌木层物种多度分布均遵从对数正态分布 ,表明该丝栗栲群落发展较成熟 ,稳定性和生物多样性较高