Biology and management of Phalaris minor in wheat under a rice/wheat system

Summary Germination of Phalaris minor declined with the increase in duration of imbibition in water from 30 min to 72 h at temperatures above 22 °C . Germination was reduced down to 10 cm and 2 cm soil depth by wheat straw burning in puddled and non-puddled soil, respectively, with maximum reduction near the soil surface. The dormancy of P . minor seed was not more than 60 days under field conditions. In puddled soil, 38–60% of the viable seeds of P. minor remained concentrated in the upper 5-cm layer. Germination decreased with an increase in soil depth. In total, 15% of seeds stored in the laboratory emerged from 10-cm depth, whereas seeds did not germinate below 4.2-cm depth under field conditions. Depth of emergence of P . minor was shallower in zero tillage compared with the conventional method of wheat sowing. The seeds retrieved from rice soils kept under continuous submergence for 60 days exhibited 26% and 57% loss of germination over semi-submergence and semi-wet conditions respectively. There was 100% loss of germination in 10-month-old seeds retrieved from the soil under rice-growing conditions. Plant density of P. minor was lower in zero tillage than with the conventional method of wheat sowing. Cross-ploughing in the upper 2–5 cm of soil (shallow tillage) and drill-sowing of wheat 1 week after shallow tillage reduced germination of P. minor by 44% and 37% and increased grain yield by 21% and 47% over zero-tillage and conventional methods respectively.     

Spatial patterns of large natural fires in Sierra Nevada wilderness areas

The effects of fire on vegetation vary based on the properties and amount of existing biomass (or fuel) in a forest stand, weather conditions, and topography. Identifying controls over the spatial patterning of fire-induced vegetation change, or fire severity, is critical in understanding fire as a landscape scale process. We use gridded estimates of fire severity, derived from Landsat ETM+ imagery, to identify the biotic and abiotic factors contributing to the observed spatial patterns of fire severity in two large natural fires. Regression tree analysis indicates the importance of weather, topography, and vegetation variables in explaining fire severity patterns between the two fires. Relative humidity explained the highest proportion of total sum of squares throughout the Hoover fire (Yosemite National Park, 2001). The lowest fire severity corresponded with increased relative humidity. For the Williams fire (Sequoia/Kings Canyon National Parks, 2003) dominant vegetation type explains the highest proportion of sum of squares. Dominant vegetation was also important in determining fire severity throughout the Hoover fire. In both fires, forest stands that were dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) burned at highest severity, while red fir (Abies magnifica) stands corresponded with the lowest fire severities. There was evidence in both fires that lower wind speed corresponded with higher fire severity, although the highest fire severity in the Williams fire occurred during increased wind speed. Additionally, in the vegetation types that were associated with lower severity, burn severity was lowest when the time since last fire was fewer than 11 and 17 years for the Williams and Hoover fires, respectively. Based on the factors and patterns identified, managers can anticipate the effects of management ignited and naturally ignited fires at the forest stand and the landscape levels.     

林内就地火烧病死木防治松材线虫病试验

林内就地火烧病死木防治松材线虫病使病死树砍伐与除害同步进行即现砍现浇。该法操作方便、成本低,效果好,文内具体提出了现砍现浇的操作方法,以避免诱发森林火灾,消除燃烧不彻底的隐患。     

尾叶桉萌芽林炼山与不炼山生长比较研究

对广西高峰林场第二代尾叶桉林进行炼山与不炼山生长比较研究.结果表明:不炼山样地的尾叶桉树高与胸径生长均优于炼山样地的,不炼山的尾叶桉蓄积生长迅速,是同期炼山样地的2倍以上.炼山后造成地表覆盖物的销毁,枯落有机物和养分库大量损失,增大了幼林地的水土流失,不利于幼林的生长.     

Effects of plant residue management on soil properties,surface runoff,and soil loss under rainfall simulation in a semi-arid region in Iran

A 5-year field study was conducted on the effect of plant residue management on soil erosion, runoff, bulk density, penetration resistance, and organic carbon. There were three treatments: burning residues on field (BR), returning residues unto the soil surface after harvesting (TR), and removing residues from soil surface (RR) (control treatment). At the end of the 5-year treatment, a rainfall simulation at 90?mm?h^?1 was applied to each plot. After rainfall simulation started, the runoff volume and soil loss amount in samples were collected at four sampling times. The results showed that the runoff volume for BR (from 145.5?±?12.2 to 190.0?±?11.8?mL) differed significantly (p?≤?0.01) from that of RR (from 32.3?±?5.5 to 67.5?±?11.1?mL) and TR (from 10.0?±?0.7 to 16.7?±?3.3?mL). A significant difference (p?≤?0.01) was also observed between RR and TR regarding runoff volume and soil loss amount in different sampling times, except for the first sampling time (2–4?min). The runoff volume in BR and TR was 215% higher and 294% lower than that of the control (RR), respectively. As compared to the control (RR), soil loss decreased by 96.5% in TR but increased by 192% in BR. The BR increased soil bulk density and penetration resistance by 4.9% and 12.4%, whereas TR reduced them by 2.1% and 15.8%, respectively, as compared to the control (RR). The results indicated that the highest (0.35) and lowest (0.03) runoff coefficients were obtained for BR and TR treatments, respectively. It is concluded that returning plant residues to soil is the best residue management practice in decreasing soil runoff volume and controlling soil erosion in semi-arid regions.     

秸秆焚烧的危害及综合利用研究

分析了秸秆焚烧的危害和屡禁不止的原因,指出了秸秆综合利用的必要性。综合探讨了推广秸秆综合利用技术的几点合理化建议,提出了治理秸秆焚烧需要有“堵”有“疏”,需要通过多方努力使农民自觉利用秸秆,才能从根本上解决秸秆焚烧问题。     

大兴安岭林区落叶松人工林采伐迹地剩余物燃烧蔓延模型的研究

根据Rothermal模型原理,建立了基于能量守恒方程的落叶松人工林采伐迹地剩余物燃烧蔓延理论模型。将落叶松人工林采伐迹地剩余物置于燃烧实验台进行燃烧实验,通过改变风速、坡度等因子获取燃烧数据,并将其与理论模型计算进行比较,结果表明实验结果与理论模型计算基本一致,说明建立的理论模型具有较高的精度。所建立的落叶松人工林采伐迹地剩余物燃烧蔓延模型对于大兴安岭林区采伐迹地火灾扑救以及采伐迹地火灾的计算机模拟技术具有重要意义。     

社会主义新农村建设"主体燃烧"论

社会主义新农村建设是现阶段解决“三农”问题的主要突破口,农民是社会主义新农村建设的主体。依据“燃烧理论”这一理论工具并借鉴中国华西村和韩国新村运动的实践经验得出:社会主义新农村建设应从农民主体入手,充分利用中国农村丰富的人力资源,改变农民精神贫困、依赖懒惰的思想状态,激发、点燃他们的创业精神和合作意识。这是社会主义新农村建设成功的根本所在。     

杉木幼林地水土流失与降雨特性关系研究

本文通过连续三年定位研究，全面探讨降雨特性对炼山与不炼山的杉木幼林地水土流失的影响，结果表明：本区年均降雨量和降雨侵蚀力（ＥＩ３０）为１５０８．０ｍｍ和６０２．１［１００Ｊ·ｃｍ／（ｍ２·ｈ）］，侵蚀性降雨占全年降雨次数的３４％～４０％；杉木幼林地水土流失随降雨侵蚀力增大而增加；林地水土流失量主要由大雨和暴雨两种降雨类型所引起，充足的前期降雨会加剧林地水土流失，尤其是在旱季；炼山的杉木林地水土流失随降雨的年分布特点而呈明显的季节性变化；在不同降雨条件下，炼山林地水土流失均明显大于不炼山林地．因此增加地表覆盖和选择合适的营林作业方式和时间是防止炼山林地大量水土流失的有效途径。     

小麦高留茬田间水分效应研究

通过小区和大田试验,研究了留茬、灭茬和烧茬三种处理土壤、近地层空气温湿度的变化,比较了三种处理夏玉米生长发育状况,分析了小麦高留茬的田间水分效应。结果表明,留茬明显降低了土壤温度,测定日0cm地表温度全天内留茬都处于最低,其中10时到14时降温效果最明显,土壤5￣25cm平均温度分别较灭茬和烧茬低1.45℃和2.3℃;土壤0￣70cm含水量自始至终留茬高于灭茬和烧茬;留茬对近地层空气湿度的影响主要在晚上,麦秆凝结的水汽增大了空气湿度,白天留茬高度内气温低湿度较大,留茬高度外气温高湿度较小(与灭茬和烧茬相比)。留茬对夏玉米生长发育的影响主要表现在中后期,试验结束时留茬株高、茎粗均高于灭茬和烧茬,表现出较大的后劲。