Factors affecting the availability of organic carbon for denitrification of nitrate in subsoils

Summary Recent work in our laboratory indicated that the slow rate of denitrification in Iowa subsoils is not due to a lack of denitrifying microorganisms, but to a lack of organic C that can be utilized by these microorganisms for reduction of nitrate. To identify factors affecting the availability of leachable organic C in surface soils capable of promoting denitrification in subsoils, we studied the effects of freezing and drying and of plants and plant residues on the amounts of water-soluble organic C in surface soils and the ability of this organic C to promote denitrification in subsoils. We found that aqueous extracts of field-moist, frozen, and air-dried surface soils promoted denitrification in subsoils and that their stimulatory effects on denitrification were highly correlated (r=0.93) with their organic C contents and decreased in the order air-dried soils frozen soils >field-moist soils. But a detailed study of the effect of drying a surface soil to different water tensions indicated that drying of soils under natural conditions is not likely to lead to a substantial increase in their content of water-soluble organic C. Amendment of surface soils with corn or soybean residues led to a marked increase in the amount of organic C in aqueous extracts of the soils and in the ability of these extracts to promote denitrification in subsoils. These effects of plant residues could not be detected after incubation of residue-treated soils for a few days under aerobic conditions, but they increased markedly with an increase in the time of incubation from 1 to 10 days when residue-treated soils were incubated under anaerobic conditions. Analyses for organic acids indicated that this increase was largely due to fermentative production of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids by soil microorganisms. Growth chamber studies showed that growth of corn, soybean, wheat, and sorghum plants on surface soil did not significantly increase the organic C content of leachates of the soil or the ability of these leachates to promote denitrification in subsois. We conclude that plant residues are a major source of the leachable organic C in surface soils that is capable of promoting denitrification in subsoils.     

珠江三角洲几种主要蔬菜的镁硼钼适用量研究

为获得珠江三角洲地区蔬菜中微量元素的合理用量,通过在2地进行3种蔬菜施镁、硼、钼的田间试验,研究三种元素不同配比对三种蔬菜的影响。结果显示:(1)不同品种的蔬菜对中微量元素的需求量不同;相同品种蔬菜在不同地点土壤上的施镁、硼、钼肥效应不同;相同蔬菜镁、硼、钼配施比单独使用的施用量可大幅度减少,尤其是硼和钼可减少50%。(2)在施氮磷钾基础上单独施用镁、硼、钼,菜心的Mg适施量约为13.350～15.750 kghm-2;B的适施量约为0.990～1.065 kghm-2;Mo的适施量为0.375～0.420 kg hm-2。蒜青的Mg适施量约为1.500 kg hm-2;B的适施量约为0.450 kg hm-2;Mo的适施量为0.240 kg hm-2。苦瓜的施硼适用量范围在1.050 kg hm-2左右。(3)在施氮磷钾基础上镁、硼、钼配合施用,菜心的Mg适施量约为12.000 kghm-2、B适施量约为0.450 kghm-2、Mo适施量约为0.240 kghm-2;苦瓜的Mg适施量约为12.000～18.000 kghm-2、B适施量约为0.450～1.800 kg hm-2、Mo适施量为0.120～0.240 kg hm-2;蒜青的B和Mo适用量分别为0.900 kg hm-2和0.210 kg hm-2、镁的施用量则应<1.350 kg hm-2。(4)镁和硼的施用量不仅受试验地土壤交换性镁和有效硼含量水平的影响,还与土壤pH值和蔬菜目标产量有关。     

花江峡谷示范区主要经济植物病虫害及防治对策

经过野外调查与初步鉴定整理，花江峡谷喀斯特石漠化综合防治技术示范区，花椒病虫害26种，金银花病虫害3种，石榴病虫害10种，砂仁病虫害1种，葡萄病虫害3种，对主要病虫害提出相应的防治对策。     

麓山景区时序景观现状调查与分析

分别对景区春夏秋冬4个季节的景观植物资源进行详细调查,记录各个季节观花、观叶、观果等植物,以清风峡为例,分析春夏秋冬4季的植物景观现状,并提出突出春季开花景观,营造夏季的凉爽氛围,完善和突出秋季红叶景观,营造冬日浪漫景色等建议。     

南疆二十余种植物总黄酮含量的研究

黄酮类化合物是自然界广泛分布的一大类天然产物，其结构类型的多样性和生物活性的广谱性，已成为国内外研究开发的热点课题。本文对南疆地区自然植物资源中含有的黄酮类物质进行了测定和分析，结果表明，石榴、核桃叶、月季花、番茄叶等总黄酮含量在1%以上，这为南疆地区黄酮类物质的进一步开发利用提供了依据。     

菌根及其在植物吸收矿质元素营养中的作用

菌根是菌根真菌与植物形成的共生体。论述了菌根的不同类型及菌根与寄主植物氮、磷元素营养吸收的关系。     

鄱阳湖洲滩湿地土壤-水-植物系统中磷的静态迁移研究

通过采集鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地土壤和植物来开展磷的静态迁移模拟实验,研究了鄱阳湖洲滩湿地土壤-水-植物系统对磷的吸收、释放及转移规律,并对静态实验前后,不同形态磷素在系统中的迁移量进行了监测。在此基础上,利用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型对鄱阳湖洲滩湿地土壤基质对磷的吸附解吸特性进行了一元线性回归分析。结果表明:磷素不断从土壤和水体中释放出来,被植物大量的吸收。在培育之前,植物体内磷含量为1.0 mg g-1,水样磷浓度为2.3 mg L-1;而试验后植物体内磷含量为2.1 mg g-1,水样磷浓度为0.062 mg L-1。随着植物根系的生长,对磷素需求不断变大。直至试验进行到28d时,植物体内的磷素含量趋于恒定。同时,由土壤磷分级试验可看出,试验前后Al-P含量变化较小,Ca-P含量略有增加,Fe-P含量增幅较大。相对于Freundlich模型而言,采用Langmuir模型对湿地土壤基质对磷的吸附过程进行模拟相关性更好。该研究成果旨在为防治湖泊水体污染、开展湿地污染物的环境效应研究提供科学的理论依据。     

Importance of the seed bank for population viability and population monitoring in a threatened wetland herb

Although demographic models have become increasingly important tools in plant conservation, few models have considered the implications of seed banks for population persistence. Based on a 15-year study of the threatened herb, Helenium virginicum, we created a stage-class transition matrix to model the population dynamics of the plant. Our goal was to determine the role of the seed bank in population persistence and in the design of monitoring programs for the plant. Using data from marked plants, a long-term study of seed viability, and a seed bank census, we created a deterministic model and three stochastic models. The stochastic models were a model in which yearly correlations among parameters were retained, a model in which parameters were uncorrelated, and a model in which parameters were derived from log-normal distribution. We also constructed a fourth model in which we assumed a minimum seed lifetime consistent with the seed viability data. Both elasticity and perturbation analysis suggested that seed survival within the seed bank had by far the largest effects on the population growth rate (λ), with 47-64% of the change in λ being controlled by seed survival. Correlations among life history parameters had little effect on λ in the original models, but substantially reduced λ (from 0.97 to 0.86) when seed survival was limited. Given the importance of the seed bank and the high yearly variability in adult plant density, we used simulations to compare power to detect declines with seed bank samples versus censuses of adult plants. The power of adult plant censuses was extremely low (13-22%). The power of seed bank censuses was substantially higher (48-59%), but was limited by large pulses of recruitment to the seed bank in good years. Power was only moderately reduced when seeds were sampled every two or four years instead of yearly (from 59% to 48%). Together, our results suggest that seed survival is crucial to persistence of Helenium populations and that future empirical studies should focus on understanding the factors that affect seed survival. In addition, managers should consider seed bank censuses rather than above-ground plants when designing monitoring programs for plants in variable environments where above-ground plants vary greatly from year to year.     

大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)花药培养再生植株染色体的遗传分析和酯酶同工酶的研究

通过观察82株大麦花药培养再生植株根尖细胞有丝分裂和56株花粉母细胞（PMC）减数分裂过程中染色体的结构和分离情况。结果表明，单倍体和二倍体植株各为17．1％和35．4％，混倍体植株47．5％，在混倍体植株中，有二倍体、三倍体、四倍体甚至六倍体细胞和一些非整倍体细胞，但仍以单倍体、二倍体和四倍体细胞为主。根尖细胞有丝分裂过程中有染色体结构的变异，如染色体断片，环状染色体等。二倍体PMC减数分裂过程中染色体分离有异常现象，如染色体“桥”，但绝大多数能正常完成。而单倍体和四倍体不能正常完成，单倍体染色体分离以2：5或3：4为主，并在中后期Ⅰ看到染色单体分离现象，四倍体细胞染色体有多种联会形式。酯酶同工酶（EST）聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）结果表明，利用Estl座位不同等位基因的分离规律可检出再生植株中的纯合体与非纯合体。不同的二倍体花粉植株在性状上出现明显的分离现象，观察到二类性状有显著差异的植株，Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类，Ⅰ类占6．6％，Ⅱ类占93．4。     

海南被子植物分布新资料

报道了海南被子植物新记录, 2个新记录属和9个新记录种。新记录属是离药金腰箭属（Eleutheranthera Poiteau）和钟萼草属（Lindenbergia Lehm.）; 新记录种分别为硬枝酢浆草（Oxalis barrelieri）、 离药金腰箭（Eleutheranthera ruderalis）、 馥芳艾纳香（Blumea aromatica）、 野地钟萼草（Lindenbergia muraria）、 弯花叉柱花（Staurogyne chapaensis）、楠树梨果寄生（Scurrul