甜菜根际磷酸酶分泌特性的研究

甜莱根际磷酸酶的分泌特性是其根际土壤中有机磷有效性的决定性因子。采用液体培养和改进的Kuchenbuch微型盒土培法。对甜莱根际磷酸酶的分泌情况进行了较详细的研究。结果表明：(1)甜莱对有机磷的吸收是以有机磷的分解转化为前提，不同基因型的甜莱根际产生磷酶的种类、分布范围及分泌总量存在明显差异。并表现在对有机磷胁迫的抗耐能力方面的差别。某些基因型对有机磷表现出极强的分解、吸收和适应能力；(2)甜莱根系可分泌出多种磷酸酶。其中绝大多数品种以酸性磷酸酶为主。其次是中性磷酸酶．而碱性磷酸酶几乎没有；(3)甜莱各品种(系)根际磷酸酶的分布均表现出从根表向根际以外逐渐由高到低的特点。当达到一定点趋于一个恒定的值，符合方程y=yo ae^(-bx)的分布规律。     

不同施肥量对天然草地土壤酶活性的影响

试验通过对海北州海晏县天然草地上土壤酶活性的测定，根据不同施肥量，对土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性及其与施肥量的相关性进行了分析探讨。结果表明，天然草地土壤施氮肥后，脲酶与蔗糖酶活性受到抑制，而磷酸酶活性受到促进；氮、磷肥混施的土壤中，脲酶及磷酸酶活性受到促进，而蔗糖酶活性受到抑制。     

Soil compaction and forest floor removal reduced microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a boreal aspen forest soil

Soil enzymes are linked to microbial functions and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems and are considered sensitive to soil disturbances. We investigated the effects of severe soil compaction and whole-tree harvesting plus forest floor removal (referred to as FFR below, compared with stem-only harvesting) on available N, microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN), and microbial biomass P (MBP), and dehydrogenase, protease, and phosphatase activities in the forest floor and 0–10 cm mineral soil in a boreal aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest soil near Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada. In the forest floor, no soil compaction effects were observed for any of the soil microbial or enzyme activity parameters measured. In the mineral soil, compaction reduced available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase by 53, 47, and 48%, respectively, when forest floor was intact, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 28 and 27%, respectively, regardless of FFR. Forest floor removal reduced available P, MBC, MBN, and protease and alkaline phosphatase activities by 38, 46, 49, 25, and 45%, respectively, regardless of soil compaction, and available N, MBP, and acid phosphatase activity by 52, 50, and 39%, respectively, in the noncompacted soil. Neither soil compaction nor FFR affected dehydrogenase activities. Reductions in microbial biomass and protease and phosphatase activities after compaction and FFR likely led to the reduced N and P availabilities in the soil. Our results indicate that microbial biomass and enzyme activities were sensitive to soil compaction and FFR and that such disturbances had negative consequences for forest soil N and P cycling and fertility.     

土壤生物在土壤磷有效化中的作用

本文概述了磷被土壤组分固定的机制,详述了土壤微生物,根,菌根和蚯蚓在提高土壤磷植物有效性中起的作用。土壤生物对磷的活化作用主要机制为;通过产生质子和有机酸溶解不溶态无机磷,通过分泌磷酸酶水解有机磷,这种作用受土壤供磷与植物对磷需求间平衡的调控。     

水胺硫磷对鲫鱼碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

以鲫鱼为实验对象,研究水胺硫磷对鲫鱼各组织碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性的影响。急性毒性测定表明,水胺硫磷对鲫鱼的96h LC50为3.0 mg/L,亚致死浓度的水胺硫磷暴露会导致鲫鱼ALP的活性发生变化。在所受检测的组织中,ALP活性在暴露期间均受到不同程度的影响,但随着水胺硫磷暴露时间延长,碱性磷酶活性均呈明显的下降趋势,提示SDS暴露所引起的酶活性变化与暴露时间有一定的相关性。     

星星草的生长对盐碱土磷素营养的影响

研究不同生长年限星星草对盐碱土全磷、速效磷、有机磷和无机磷含量及磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明:土壤全磷、速效磷、有机磷和无机磷含量增加,三龄时达到最高值.星星草对盐碱土速效磷和有机磷含量有明显的影响;土壤磷素各项指标及磷酸酶活性之间都存在着一定的相关关系,其中磷酸酶活性与磷素各指标之间呈极显著相关.     

土壤中脲酶和磷酸酶对百草枯的响应

[目的]为评价百草枯对土壤环境质量的影响提供依据。[方法]取河南工业大学校区草地0~30 cm土样,过筛混匀。分别用0(对照)、100、200、500、1 000μg/g百草枯溶液处理土样,然后在25℃条件下恒温培养,培养2、6、12、20、30、45、60 d时测定土样脲酶和磷酸酶的活性。[结果]百草枯对土壤脲酶活性有抑制作用,且浓度越大抑制作用越强,100μg/g百草枯处理20 d对土壤脲酶活性的抑制率为4.5%,而1 000μg/g百草枯处理2 d对土壤脲酶活性的抑制率可达60.45%;百草枯对土壤磷酸酶活性具有先抑制后刺激作用,500μg/g百草枯处理30 d后土壤磷酸酶的活性为对照的126%。[结论]百草枯可在较大程度上影响土壤脲酶和磷酸酶的活性。     

复合垂直流人工湿地脲酶和磷酸酶活性与黑臭河水净化效果

[目的]研究复合垂直流人工湿地脲酶和磷酸酶活性与黑臭河水的净化效果。[方法]以蜂巢石和软性填料为基质,通过构建生物栅复合垂直流人工湿地系统强化处理黑臭河水,并测定人工湿地不同功能区中2种填料的脲酶和磷酸酶活性,研究2种填料在不同功能区的挂膜性能。[结果]软性填料生物膜上的脲酶和磷酸酶活性显著高于蜂巢石填料生物膜上的活性,说明选择软性填料更利于生物膜的生长;脲酶活性与总氮的去除率显著相关,而磷酸酶活性与总磷的去除率相关性不显著。[结论]该研究结果为利用脲酶和磷酸酶活性作为评价黑臭河水净化效果和挑选合适的填料提供了依据。     

姬松茸4个品种菌丝体的生物酶活性测定

对本实验室保藏的4个姬松茸品种进行了菌丝发酵,以酪蛋白、PNPP和ABTS为底物测定了菌丝体细胞内的蛋白酶、磷酸酶和漆酶的活性。数据结果显示,被测定的4个姬松茸品种均具有磷酸酶的活性,其中姬松茸(巴西)的活性最高为48.1 U·g-1;蛋白酶和漆酶活性的检测中发现,只有姬松茸7号和姬松茸11号具有活性,其中姬松茸7号具有较高的蛋白酶活性(95.2 U·g-)1,姬松茸11号具有较高的漆酶活性(58.6 U·g-)1。姬松茸7号和姬松茸11号同时具有3种酶的活性,可以作为深加工的优势材料。     

Physical extent,frequency, and intensity of phosphatase activity varies on soil profiles across a Douglas-fir chronosequence

In forest soils, the availability of phosphate is largely dependent on phosphatase activity. We used soil imprinting to compare in situ activity and fine-scale distribution of phosphatase on soil profiles located across forest chronosequences of four age classes young (5–6 yrs), canopy closure (24–30 yrs), stem exclusion (61–71 yrs), and older (90–103 yrs) of mixed Douglas-fir/paper birch stands regenerated after fire or clearcutting in southern interior British Columbia, Canada. Chromatography paper treated with a mixture of substrate and colorimetric reagent was applied directly to vertical soil surfaces, accessed through root windows. Stands older than 61 years had both the highest level of in situ phosphatase activity and larger, more intense regions of activity. Bray-extractable phosphorus was negatively related to imprintable phosphatase activity. We compared the changes in phosphatase activity with differences in the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) community that had been documented previously in the same stands. Of 84 ectomycorrhizal fungi found on roots in at least two of the stand-age classes, eight taxa were positively correlated and one taxon (Rhizopogon vinicolor/vesiculosus) negatively correlated with high phosphatase activity. The frequency of three taxa appeared to be positively correlated with larger areas of activity on the soil profiles. By using an imprinting approach, this study was able to demonstrate, for the first time, that in situ phosphatase activity and physical attributes of that activity (i.e., number, size, and relative rates of each area of activity) were related to concentrations of soil nutrients and with the frequency of individual ectomycorrhizal fungi.