Comparison of drip and sprinkler irrigation strategies on sunflower seed and oil yield and quality under Mediterranean climatic conditions

This study compares the effects of different irrigation regimes on seed yield and oil yield quality and water productivity of sprinkler and drip irrigated sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) on silty-clay-loam soils in 2006 and 2007 in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. In sprinkler irrigation a line-source system was used in order to create gradually varying irrigation levels. Irrigation regimes consisted of full irrigation (I₁) and three deficit irrigation treatments (I₂, I₃ and I₄), and rain-fed treatment (I₅). In the drip system, irrigation regimes included full irrigation (FI-100), three deficit irrigation treatments (DI-25, DI-50, DI-75), partial root zone drying (PRD-50) and rain-fed treatment (RF). Irrigations were scheduled at weekly intervals both in sprinkler and drip irrigation, based on soil water depletion within a 0.90 m root zone in FI-100 and I₁ plots. Irrigation treatments influenced significantly (P < 0.01) sunflower seed and oil yields, and oil quality both with sprinkler and drip systems. Seed yields decreased with increasing water stress levels under drip and sprinkler irrigation in both experimental years. Seed yield response to irrigation varied considerably due to differences in soil water contents and spring rainfall distribution in the experimental years. Although PRD-50 received about 36% less irrigation water as compared to FI-100, sunflower yield was reduced by an average of 15%. PRD-50 produced greater seed and oil yields than DI-50 in the drip irrigation system. Yield reduction was mainly due to less number of seeds per head and lower seed mass. Soil water deficits significantly reduced crop evapotranspiration (ET), which mainly depends on irrigation amounts. Significant linear relationships (R² = 0.96) between ET and oil yield (Y) were obtained in each season. The seed yield response factors (ky_seed) were 1.24 and 0.86 for the sprinkler and 1.19 and 1.06 for the drip system in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The oil yield response factor (ky_oil) for sunflower was found to be 1.08 and 1.49 for both growing seasons for the sprinkler and 1.36 and 1.25 for the drip systems, respectively. Oil content decreased with decreasing irrigation amount. Consistently greater values of oil content were obtained from the full irrigation treatment plots. The saturated (palmitic and stearic acid) and unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acid) fatty acid contents were significantly affected by water stress. Water stress caused an increase in oleic acid with a decrease in linoleic acid contents. The palmitic and stearic acid concentrations decreased under drought conditions. Water productivity (WP) values were significantly affected by irrigation amounts and ranged from 0.40 to 0.71 kg m⁻³ in 2006, and from 0.69 to 0.91 kg m⁻³ in 2007. The PRD-50 treatment resulted in the greatest WP (1.0 kg m⁻³) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) (1.4 kg m⁻³) in both growing seasons. The results revealed that under water scarcity situation, PRD-50 in drip and I₂ in sprinkler system provide acceptable irrigation strategies to increase sunflower yield and quality.     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜RAPD和种皮色素遗传多样性

 以不同遗传背景的 14个甘蓝型黄籽油菜为材料 ,通过分析种皮内色素的种类、色素含量、蛋白质与含油量、RAPD标记等 ,研究了甘蓝型黄籽油菜资源的遗传多样性。结果表明 ,影响种皮色泽的色素主要为黑色素和花色素 ,根据其含量的不同 ,可分为高花色素类、高黑色素类和低色素类等 3个类群。其中 ,高花色素类的种子种皮花色素含量 >2 .5 4mg·g-1DW ,种子呈纯黄或橙黄色 ;高黑色素类种子的种皮色素含量 >178.4U(A2 90mm) ,种皮呈浅黑色 ,种子颜色为黑黄色 ;低色素类种子种皮的黑色素和花色素含量均较低 ,种皮半透明 ,种子部分因显现出胚的颜色而呈纯黄、绿黄或褐黄色。种子含油量为 36 .2 %～ 45 .5 %,蛋白质含量达 2 1.1%～ 2 7.7%,二者呈极显著负相关。对RAPD扩增结果进行UPGMA分析 ,发现甘蓝型黄籽油菜DNA存在着丰富的多态性 ,遗传相似系数为0 .2 5～ 0 .90 9,14个甘蓝型黄籽油菜材料可被划分为 2个类群。     

测定原油比热容技术问题的探讨

采用精密的量热仪测定含虹原油的比热容也会产生较大的偏差，基信要原因在于测试过程中量热容器内存在着两个相变过程，邓气液之间的相变液相析出石蜡结晶的相变，以及随着温度下降试样内传热性能变坏。     

大豆不同结荚部位籽粒蛋白质、脂肪含量分析

对4个不同类型大豆品种的上、中上、中、中下、下、分枝六部分籽粒进行品质分析,各部分蛋白质和脂肪含量差异显著、极显著。蛋白质含量从上至下由高变低(40.010％、38.890％、38.110％、36.428％、35.888％);无限结荚习性大豆脂肪含量(19.983％、20.873％、21.242％、21.797％、21.908％)与蛋白质相反;亚有限结荚大豆脂肪含量上至中下由低变高(21.411％、21.993％、22.113％、22.538％),下部(22.151％)低于中下部;分枝上籽粒蛋白质、脂肪含量与中上部差异不显著;全株品质平均值(38.024％、21.760％)接近于中部值。     

灭幼脲和氟幼灵防治榆紫叶甲的研究

榆紫叶甲是我国榆树的毁灭性害虫。该虫分布广，密度大，食性单一，常年成灾，给防治带来困难。为了避免常规杀虫剂造成的“１年控制，２年发生，３年成灾”的被动局面，利用昆虫生长调节剂灭幼脲Ⅲ号胶悬剂及油剂和氟幼灵胶悬剂及油剂进行防治，可同时杀死幼虫，成虫和卵。灭幼脲Ⅲ号油剂和氟幼灵油剂可杀卵８５％－９０％左右。两种药剂的胶悬剂和油剂均可杀死幼虫９５％－８４％－９０％，卵的孵化率降为１０．６４％－１９．５７     

微胚乳超高油玉米籽粒胚乳消减及油分积累的规律

[目的]研究微胚乳超高油玉米籽粒胚乳消减和油分积累规律。[方法]以高油玉米115为对照,研究2种微胚乳超高油玉米籽粒的胚、胚乳、种皮及相应油分的积累规律。[结果]微胚乳超高油玉米在籽粒发育过程中胚乳干重在发育的第27 d达最大,第37 d消减基本结束;胚的重量一直增加,种子成熟时和胚乳的重量相当;整粒干重第32 d达最大。3个玉米品种授粉后的种皮干重一直增加,第32 d基本稳定,整粒油分37 d前一直增加,之后趋于稳定。微胚乳超高油玉米胚乳的油分在17~27 d增加较慢,27~37 d增加迅速,37 d到成熟期下降,比高油115的高很多;胚的油分在17~27 d增加,27 d到成熟期略下降。高油玉米115胚和胚乳的重量一直增加,胚乳的油分一直很低,胚的油分在17~27 d增加。[结论]该研究为微胚乳超高油玉米的籽粒胚乳消减机理研究提供了参考。     

抑食肼油剂防治杨干象

杨干象是一种世界性的危险性杨树检症害虫，分布广泛．危害严重．是一种毁灭性的蛀干害虫．对杨树威胁极大。为了克服长期大量使用常规杀虫剂．造成对环境的污染．杀伤天敌、害虫产生抗药性的副作用。我们研制一种新型昆虫生长调节荆抑食肼油剂．防治杨干象幼虫使用1％油剂杀虫率达95％、抑食肼油剂对杨干象幼虫具有高效．内吸作用．既有速效性又有较好的持效性、抑食肼油剂的研制为杨干象等蛀干害虫提供一种安全、高效，经济的新型杀虫剂．具有显著的生态．社会和经济效益．可以在生产上推广应用。     

牡丹花芽的形态发生及其生命周期的观察

牡丹花芽是一个混合芽。它的形成和分化是由腋芽原基开始,历时三个年周期大约25个月的发育结束其生命周期。在三年发育过程中,顺序形成腋芽原始体,花原基和种子及果实。在器管建造过程中可以区分为营养生长和生殖生长两个大的阶段。由叶原基产生结束到苞片原基开始产生为其质变的临界点。如果此时的营养条件和成花激素都是合适的。腋芽原基就会继续发育而成混合芽。否则,发育就终止在叶原基形成阶段,只能形成叶芽。任何一年的处在第二个年周期的混合芽都要产生子一代芽的原始体。子一代芽又在它的第二个周期中产生子二代芽的原始体,一代接一代,依次类推的发育下去。利用花芽形成的规律可以解决牡丹栽培上的一些实际问题。     

亚精胺对牡丹花膜脂过氧化的影响

在牡丹花绿蕾期全株喷洒0.2、0.5和0.8 mmol·L-1的亚精胺(Spd)水溶液,其中0.2和0.5 mmol·L-1的Spd溶液使花辩中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性提高,超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和花瓣外渗液的相对电导率下降,以0.2 mmol·L-1Spd的处理效果较好;而0.8 mmol·L-1Spd溶液处理降低了花瓣SOD活性,并使O2-产生速率、MDA含量和花瓣外渗液的相对电导率略有升高.     

牡丹、芍药繁殖与育种研究现状

该文综述了国内外牡丹、芍药的繁殖与育种研究现状 ,概括了从传统繁殖方式到现代快繁技术的研究进展 ,以及在引种和杂交育种方面的研究情况 .针对我国牡丹、芍药发展存在的主要问题进行了分析探讨 ,并提出了解决问题的几点建议