北方粳稻产量与品质性状及其相互关系分析

随着稻作科学研究的发展和人民生活水平的提高,我国对粳稻需求持续增加,粳稻面积不断扩大,明确目前不同稻区产量与品质性状现状及其相互关系,对今后北方粳稻育种有重要参考价值。本文利用2011—2013年北方稻区国家水稻新品种试验数据,根据地区和品种(系)特点划分为黄淮粳稻、京津唐粳稻、晚熟中早粳稻、中熟中早粳稻、早熟中早粳稻5种类型,分析了产量水平、产量构成因素、品质现状等类型间差异及其相互关系。结果表明,产量表现为中熟中早粳稻早熟中早粳稻、京津唐粳稻、黄淮粳稻晚熟中早粳稻。5种类型糙米率和整精米率平均值分别为83.66%和66.95%,垩白粒率和垩白度平均值分别为30.26%和3.08%。总体和不同类型产量与糙米率、精米率和整精米率均表现为显著的正相关,结实率与糙米率、精米率和整精米率均表现为显著的正相关,与垩白粒率表现为显著的负相关。籽粒长宽比与产量关系不密切,与糙米率大多显著负相关,而与整精米率的负相关均未达到显著水平。着粒密度与产量的关系也不密切,与穗数基本表现为显著负相关而与每穗粒数均表现为显著正相关,对结实率、千粒重和主要品质性状影响不大。根据上述结果可以认为,我国北方粳稻至少在9 t hm–2以下产量与主要品质性状的矛盾并不突出,可以在保持产量的基础上改进品质,或者在保持品质的基础上提高产量,使产量和品质在更高水平上达成新的平衡。     

梯田田坎水分耗散及其对作物产量的影响初探

通过对陕北丘陵沟壑区梯田土壤水分及作物产量监测结果的分析，认为田坎水分蒸发对田面土壤水分的减少作用，在距田坎１ｍ距离内是明显的，它使作物单株产量较坡地减少了１８．２％，理论计算表明：１ｍ高田坎水分损失１０．９％，２ｍ高田坎水分损失１１．２％。     

陕西土壤脲酶热力学特征研究

根据土壤脲酶动力学参数与温度的关系,借助于经典酶学理论,较为系统地研究了陕西水稻土、褐土、土脲酶的热力学特征。结果表明,将整个酶促反应划分为酶-底物复合物形成和分解两个阶段分别计算其热力学函数是可行的,得到了更多酶促反应机理方面的信息;不同土样脲酶复合物形成和分解阶段的温度系数Q10、活化能Ea、活化焓ΔH、活化熵ΔS和活化自由能ΔG有明显差异;土壤脲酶的Q10范围为0.82~2.48;两阶段土壤脲酶除个别处理外Ea、ΔH1、ΔH2、ΔS均大于零,揭示出形成和分解阶段酶促反应的有序性较差,混乱度较大,需要外界提供更多能量来完成酶活性部位与反应物的互补契合以及解离,最终完成酶促反应;形成阶段ΔG1和整个反应的ΔG、ΔH均小于零,表明形成阶段和整个酶促反应为一可自发进行的放热反应,总体上不需要外界能量即可完成;各土样分解阶段的ΔG2均大于零,表明土壤类型、肥力状况等对酶促反应的复合物分解过程的可能性无显著影响,复合物分解是酶促反应的限速步骤。可见得到的热力学参数从多方面共同表征了各土样酶促反应机理上的细微差异。     

黄河流域陕西片土壤侵蚀预报模型研究

以气候、地质、地形、植被及人类活动 5类因素中的 6个因子为预报因子 ,以陕西黄河流域水蚀区内 5大类型区中 3 3条小流域的实验观测资料和实地调查资料及有关科研单位的研究成果为基础 ,建立了适用于该区域的土壤侵蚀预报模型。据运用该模型对本区域内 4条小流域水土保持遥感普查成果和建模所用 3 3条小流域土壤侵蚀模数进行验证 ,证明该模型具有较高的精度 ,可以在陕西黄河流域水蚀区及条件相近的其他地区推广应用     

粤北石漠化地区土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

据2005年10月的野外调查及对TM卫星影像解译分析结果,研究了粤北不同程度的石漠化地区、不同利用类型土地的¹³⁷Cs区域分布以及土壤侵蚀速率特征。结果表明:粤北石漠化地区土壤¹³⁷Cs活度的平均值为(6.54±0.57) Bq·kg^-1,土壤中¹³⁷Cs水平随石漠化程度增加有先降低然后升高的趋势,表明在重度石漠化阶段,过高的基岩裸露率导致其周围土壤对¹³⁷Cs的集中吸附,¹³⁷Cs在某些沉积小环境内逐渐富集。研究区¹³⁷Cs背景值为(1 433.60±131.40) Bq·m^-2,低于北半球的平均值,¹³⁷Cs剖面分布基本符合指数分布,最高值出现在2~4 cm深度范围内。在轻度、中度石漠化地区,非耕作土壤侵蚀速率的平均值分别为1 369.0、1 833.5 t·km^-2·a^-1;耕作土壤侵蚀速率远高于非耕作土壤,坡度对土壤侵蚀影响非常明显。     

Soil carbon release along a gradient of physical disturbance in a harvested northern hardwood forest

Changes in soil respiration associated with forest harvest could increase net loss of CO₂ to the atmosphere relative to pre-harvest values. By excavating quantitative soil pits across a gradient of physical disturbance in a harvested northern hardwood forest, this study examines C release from mineral soil. Mineral soil samples were analyzed for pH, percent organic matter (%OM), C and N concentration, δ¹³C, and total C per unit area. Results show a relationship between degree of disturbance and C concentration in soil 10-30 cm beneath the O-horizon. Highly disturbed sites show C depletion, with horizons from disturbed sites containing 25% less total C than the least disturbed sites. δ¹³C signatures of soil profiles at these sites show vertical mixing of plant-derived material into deeper mineral horizons. Mixing, as a result of physical disturbance, could have led to the observed C depletion by physical or chemical destabilization, or through the promotion of microbial respiration in deep mineral soil. Regardless of the mechanism, these results suggest elevated CO₂ emissions from soil following harvest, and, thus, have implications for the validity of wood biomass as a carbon neutral energy source.     

襄垣北石底山的林业复垦与生态重建研究

依托国际先进的宫胁造林法,襄垣北石底山林业复垦基础工程和植被恢复工程取得阶段性成果。简要阐述了襄垣北石底山的环境概况,重点介绍了林业复垦基础工程的再造技术,植被重建工程的植物筛选以及建植技术和管护技术。实践证明,侧柏纯林,侧柏、灌木混交林,油松、栎类、灌木混交林这3种林分结构在太行山的废弃石灰岩生态重建中比较合理,侧柏作为先锋树种为改善微环境和恢复森林植被创造了有利条件。     

河龙区间坝库参数与减沙效益关系研究

对黄河中游河龙区间晋西北片、陕北片坝库控制面积占比、坝库单位面积库容等参数与水利水土保持措施减沙效益关系进行了研究，结果表明：（1）晋西北片若没有坝库工程，仅靠水土保持坡面治理措施只能取得14％的减沙效益；每增加100km^2的坝库控制面积，即可提高2％的减沙效益；每增加400万m^2的库容，即可提高1％的减沙效益;坝库单位面积库容每提高1万m^2／km^2，减沙效益即可提高约10％。（2）陕北片减沙效益主要由坝库工程产生。减沙效益提高10％，坝库单位面积库容需要提高5万m^2／km^2。要使流域水土保持综合治理减沙效益达到20％以上，坝库单位面积库容应在6万m^2／km^2以上。（3）在黄河中游多沙粗沙区，要实现40％左右的减沙效益，坝库单位面积库容应达到167／m^2／km^2以上。     

陕西省生态系统水源涵养功能评估分析

以陕西省为研究对象,基于水量平衡法并结合GIS空间分析与线性回归法,对2000—2014年区域生态系统水源涵养功能动态变化进行科学评估和重要性评价,并以此为方向探讨区域生态红线规划。结果表明:(1)陕西省水源涵养能力南北高,中间低,空间差异显著,单元水源涵养量为0～800.90 mm;近15年水源涵养功能增加区域面积占研究区总面积的86.71%,总水源涵养量呈"整体上升,局部下降"特征。(2)气候要素与水源涵养量相关性较强,植被类型也影响着水源涵养的空间特性。植被类型中,森林是生态系统水源涵养的主体,其中,水源涵养能力为:常绿阔叶林常绿针叶林落叶阔叶林落叶针叶林。(3)研究区内水源涵养量200 mm的区域占总面积的65.12%,整体水源涵养生态价值不高;综合划定水源涵养生态保护红线面积约77 593.31 km~2,占总面积的37.70%,主要分布在秦岭中西部高山区、汉水谷地以南以及延河流域以北,生态系统类型以林地为主。     

Dust storm erosion and its impact on soil carbon and nitrogen losses in northern China

There is increased awareness of the environmental impacts of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) losses through wind erosion, especially in areas heavily affected by dust storm erosion. This paper reviews the recent literature concerning dust storm-related soil erosion and its impact on soil C and N losses in northern China. The purpose of our study is to provide an overview of the area of erosion-affected soils and to estimate the magnitude of soil C and N losses from farmland affected by dust storm erosion.According to the second national soil erosion remote-sensing survey in 2000, the area affected by wind erosion was 1.91 million km², accounting for 20% of the total land area in China. This area is expanding quickly as the incidence of heavy dust storms has greatly increased over the last five decades, mainly as a result of the intensification of soil cultivation. The economic and ecological damage caused by wind erosion is considerable. Heavily affected areas show a loss of nutrients and organic carbon in soils and the heavily degraded soils are much less productive. Compared with the non-degraded soil, the C and N contents in degraded soils have declined by 66% and 73%, respectively. The estimated annual losses per cm toplayer of soil C and N by dust storm erosion in northern China range from 53 to 1044 kg ha^− 1 and 5 to 90 kg ha^− 1, respectively. Field studies suggest that soil losses by wind erosion can be reduced by up to 79% when farmers shift from conventional soil tillage methods to no-till. Thus shifting to no-till or reduced tillage systems is an effective practice for protecting soil and soil nutrients. Our study indicates that soil conservation measures along with improved soil fertility management measures should be promoted in dry-land farming areas of northern China. As erosion is a major mechanism of nutrient withdrawal in these areas, we plead for the development of accurate methods for its assessment and for the incorporation of erosion, as a nutrient output term, in nutrient budget studies.