不同氮肥对韭菜生长和品质的影响

用盆栽法研究了不同氮肥对韭菜生长、叶绿素总量、硝酸盐含量及营养品质的影响。研究结果表明,完全使用铵态氮会抑制韭菜的生长,降低产量;随着硫酸铵的浓度增大,硝酸盐含量逐渐减少,但可溶性糖含量却呈先上升后下降的趋势;提高硝酸钙浓度,可明显提高维生素C含量和叶绿素的总量,但可溶性蛋白却下降;尿素可明显提高产量和可溶性蛋白的含量。综合比较,当硫酸铵、硝酸钙、尿素浓度分别为0.4%,0.6%,0.6%时,韭菜产量高且硝酸盐含量低,品质好。     

有机酸对铅和锌危害的解毒机制研究

采用溶液培养试验和逐步提取法,研究了有机酸对铅、锌毒害的影响及其机制。结果表明:有机酸对重金属植株有一定的解毒作用。对于铅植株,柠檬酸的解毒作用主要是抑制根系吸收,促进铅向茎叶转移,并在茎叶中转变为低活性的形态;酒石酸不改变叶/根比,解毒效应相对较弱。对于锌植株,有机酸没有明显抑制根系的吸收,也没有根和茎叶间活性形态顺序的变化,但锌的毒性相对较小,且酒石酸处理使根和茎叶中的高毒性形态都降低,因而解毒效应也更为明显。     

棉花盐胁迫途径中蛋白磷酸化同源基因(GhSOS2)2种剪接体的克隆及表达分析#br#

【目的】了解棉花在盐胁迫条件下相关基因的表达,并克隆与抗(耐)盐相关的重要基因。【方法】通过筛选棉花EST数据库,并对目标EST序列进行整合,对中棉所49在非盐胁迫和盐胁迫条件下进行处理并利用RT-PCR的方法克隆了质膜Na+／H+逆向转运蛋白途径中的1个蛋白磷酸化同源基因,命名为GhSOS,并通过实时荧光定量PCR对其表达特征进行分析。【结果】序列分析表明,该基因成熟mRNA的剪接存在2种可选择性的剪接体,分别命名为GhSOS2a(GenBank登录号：GU188960)和GhSOS2b(GenBank登录号：GU188961),分别编码445和421个氨基酸残基。由于剪接方式的差异,导致GhSOS2a比GhSOS2b多出一个外显子(长度为72 bp)。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,GhSOS2a在非盐胁迫和盐胁迫条件下的根茎组织、叶组织均表达,但GhSOS2b仅在盐胁迫条件下的根茎组织、叶组织表达,且表达量远高于GhSOS2a。【结论】在棉花盐胁迫过程中,GhSOS2存在2种可选择性剪接体,而且可能主要是GhSOS2b参与棉花的质膜Na+／H+逆向转运蛋白途径并发挥一定作用。     

Silicon supplementation ameliorated the inhibition of photosynthesis and nitrate metabolism by cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Cucumis sativus L.

The effects of silicon (Si) application on plant growth, pigments, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence parameters and nitrogen metabolism were studied in Cucumis sativus L. under cadmium (Cd) toxicity. Compared with the control, 100 μM CdCl₂ treatment caused dramatic accumulation of Cd in cucumber leaves, greatly induced chlorosis, and the transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis indicated that Cd treatment cucumber chloroplast showed obvious swollen, thylakoids and chloroplast membrane were seriously damaged, and could not be observed clearly. Application of Si reversed the chlorosis, protected the chloroplast from disorganization, and significantly increased the pigments contents, which might be mainly responsible for the higher photosynthetic rate and accumulation of biomass under Cd stress. Further investigation of chlorophyll a fluorescence indicated that Cd treatment decreasing photosynthesis was not due to stomatal restriction, while was closely related integrity damage or function lost of the photosynthetic machinery which can be concluded from the higher intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) and lower F_v/F_m and ΦPSII. Application of Si alleviated the inhibited level of photosynthesis and F_v/F_m and ΦPSII by Cd, which might imply that Si plays important roles in protecting photosynthetic machinery from damaging. The Cd treatment also greatly inhibited the enzymes of nitrogen metabolism including nitrogen reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and Si supply decreased the inhibiting effects of Cd.     

外源氮对紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和酰脲含量的影响及其相关关系研究

以‘甘农3号’为研究材料,采用室外(防雨网室)盆栽营养液砂培法,模拟土壤中2种氮素形态(NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N)的存在形式,研究混合态氮(NO₃^--N:NH₄⁺-N为1:1)的5个供氮水平(0,105,210,315,420 mg·L^-1)对紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和酰脲含量的影响并筛选出最佳氮浓度;在筛选出的最佳氮浓度下研究2种形态(NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N)氮的7种不同的配比NO₃^--N:NH₄⁺-N(1/7,1/3,3/5,5/5,5/3、3/1,7/1)对紫花苜蓿固氮酶活性和酰脲含量的影响;并对根瘤固氮酶活性和酰脲含量之间的相关关系进行了分析。研究表明:最能促进紫花苜蓿酰脲累积和根瘤固氮能力的外源氮浓度为210 mg·L^-1;最佳混合型态氮配比为NO₃^--N:NH₄⁺-N=1/3。2种试验处理下紫花苜蓿地上部分酰脲含量(y)与固氮酶活性(x)之间分别存在显著正相关关系(P < 0.01),可分别用y=0.0321x+0.4759(R=0.911)和y=0.0313x+0.5545(R=0.960)表示,且2模型高度相似,这为寻求生产中评估紫花苜蓿固氮能力的简便方法提供理论依据。     

根系分泌物对根际土壤关键氮转化过程的影响

根系分泌物是影响土壤氮素转化、N₂O排放和植株氮肥利用率的重要因素之一,也是土壤学、植物营养学、作物生理生态与耕作栽培学、环境科学等学科的重要关注点。为全面认识根系分泌物在土壤氮循环中的作用,综述了根系分泌物的种类和测定方法,介绍了根系分泌物影响土壤关键氮转化过程及N₂O排放的机理,根系分泌物对土壤硝化和反硝化过程及N₂O排放的抑制作用,并对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望。为土壤氮素转化的土壤–植物–微生物互作机制研究提供一定参考,以进一步提高氮肥利用率,减少氮肥引起的环境污染。     

水旱轮作下根区与非根区黄褐土钾素动态研究

采用分室根箱试验,研究了油菜–水稻轮作条件下黄褐土根区与非根区土壤钾素动态变化特征,以期为土壤供钾机制研究及合理的根际养分调控提供依据。结果表明,轮作前季（油菜季）前期,根区土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾首先出现相对亏缺;随着油菜生长和吸钾强度的增大,根区非交换性钾含量也显著降低,非根区内、中、外区土壤水溶性钾向根区迁移,交换钾和非交换钾向水溶钾转化,含量均逐渐降低,且距根区越近,降低幅度越大。轮作后季（水稻季）前期,淹水促进了水溶性钾向根区的扩散,非根区外区水溶钾和交换性钾含量明显降低;随着水稻生长和吸钾强度增大,根区与非根区土壤水溶钾和交换性钾含量降低至一定程度时就不再减少,而非交换性钾显著降低。说明作物吸收的钾主要来自于根区,并由非根区钾逐渐向根区迁移,距根区越近,对作物吸钾量的贡献越大。在一个轮作期内,非交换性钾是黄褐土主要供钾形态,其次是交换性钾和水溶性钾。     

Sulfur in soils

Sulfur (S) deficiency of crops, which has been reported with increasing frequency over the past two decades on a worldwide scale, is a factor that reduces yield and affects the quality of harvested products. Especially in Western European countries, incidence of S deficiency has increasingly been reported in Brassicaceae. For this reason, more attention should be paid to the optimization of S‐fertilizer application, in order to cover plant S requirements whilst minimizing environmental impacts. In soils, S exists in inorganic and organic forms. While sulfate (SO ), which is a direct S source for plants, contributes up to 5% of total soil S, generally more than 95% of soil S are organically bound. Organic S is divided into sulfate ester and carbon‐bonded S. Although not directly plant‐available, organically bound S may potentially contribute to the S supply of plants, especially in deficiency situations. Sulfur turnover involves both biochemical and biological mineralization. Biochemical mineralization, which is the release of SO from the ester sulfate pool through enzymatic hydrolysis, is controlled by S supply, while the biological mineralization is driven by the microbial need for organic C to provide energy.     

施氮对半湿润农田夏玉米冠层氮素及叶绿素相对值(SPAD值)垂直分布的影响

以半湿润地区土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,采用田问试验,研究了不同施氮水平下夏玉米(Zea maysL.)拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期3个生育期冠层叶片氮素、叶绿素相对值(SPAt)值)的垂直分布规律及其差异;同时对各层叶片含氮量、SPAR值与施氮量进行相关分析.结果表明,在各生育期不同叶层叶片含氮量按上、中、下层顺序呈明显递减规律,从全生育期不同施氮处理看,上层比中层增加6.64%,中层比下层增加5.18%.随施氮量增加,中上层叶片含氮量差异增大,中下层叶片含氮量差异减小.冠层内叶片SPAD值垂直分布规律与叶片含氮量分布规律相类似.相关分析表明,全生育期各层叶片SPAD值与叶片含氮量呈极显著线性正相关关系(R=0.503**).进一步分析发现,各层叶片SPAD值,叶片含氮量与施氮量的相关性以上层叶关系最为密切,揭示了夏玉米氮素营养诊断的较好叶片是上层叶位.     

水肥耦合下西芹生育期内硝酸盐含量变化规律分析

为了探索水肥耦合对西芹生育期内硝酸盐含量的变化规律,采用三因素五水平二次通用旋转组合设计,在冀西北高寒半干旱区开展了旱棚试验研究.试验表明:随生育期延长西芹硝酸盐含量先升后降,且收获期最低:水肥高中低不同组合下西芹生育期硝酸盐含量除低肥低水和对照因缺水在收获前期有波峰出现外,其他水肥不同组合下,硝酸盐曲线均表现为先升后降.从卫生学角度评价,只有处理7(N109.5P36W5692)和处理20(N270P90W4500)即低肥高水和中水中肥处理西芹硝酸盐含量符合安全标准.不同因子组合下各效应(单因子效应、双因子效应及3因子效应)的西芹生育期硝酸盐动态变化规律表明,氮、磷、水对西芹硝酸盐主效应分析依次表现为增加、不确定性和减少.结果表明:不合理的氮、磷、水施用是限制西芹正常生长,造成西芹硝酸盐积累的主要原因.