施肥模式对日光温室土壤铵态氮和硝态氮的影响

通过种植两茬油菜,设置7种施肥模式:有机肥施氮量600 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量300 kg/hm2;无机肥施氮量767 kg/hm2;无机肥施氮量383 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量450 kg/hm2,无机肥施氮量153 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量300 kg/hm2,无机肥施氮量383 kg/hm2;有机肥施氮量150 kg/hm2,无机肥施氮量191 kg/hm2,研究了日光温室0～200 cm土壤中NH4+-N和NO3--N的迁移累积。结果表明,不同施肥模式主要影响0～40 cm土壤中NH4+-N的平均累积量和平均质量比,单施无机肥的相应值大于单施有机肥;不同施肥模式主要影响0～40 cm土壤中NO3--N的平均累积量和平均质量比,当施氮量小于383 kg/hm2时,相应值从大到小依次为:单施无机肥、单施有机肥、有机肥和无机肥配施,不同施肥模式也影响40～160 cm土壤中NO3--N的迁移累积。从地下水污染风险和产量考虑,北京农业种植区日光温室油菜种植可按照有机肥150 kg/hm2、无机肥191 kg/hm2的施肥模式进行施肥。     

Geographical origin and drying methodology may affect the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill) N.E. Brown

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown, the ginger grass, is a medicinal and aromatic plant widely used in Latin America. In this work the effect of the geographical origin and different drying methodologies on L. alba leaves production, essential oil content and composition were evaluated. Field experiments were conducted in three different municipalities (Amargosa, Cruz das Almas and Santo Antônio de Jesus) from Bahia region (Brazil) and two drying methodologies (traditional and artificial with controlled conditions) were assessed. Fresh and dried leaves essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and their volatiles were determined by gas chromatography.The geographical origin affected the mass production, essential oil content and both qualitative and quantitative fractions of their composition. Leaves from Cruz das Almas had higher yield in essential oil content. Overall, 26 oil constituents were identified. Carvone, germacrene D and limonene were the main oil constituents. The drying methodologies combined with the geographic origin influenced essential oil composition showing that L. alba constituents were influenced by post-harvest treatments. Some constituents were sensitive to both methods applied, while some enhanced their content like germacrene D.     

The Traditional Whedo Aquaculture System in Northern Benin

The traditional whedo system involves the digging of large ditch-like ponds that fill seasonally with flood water, trapping fish which are subsequently harvested during the dry season. Although whedos are well described in the South of Benin, basic information necessary for their management in the North is lacking. Since 1998, the commune of Malanville has experienced a kind of ‘blue revolution’ because up to now, approximately 500 whedos (known locally as tschifi dais) have been constructed covering a total surface area of 9.3 ha, thus reflecting the high acceptance of the practice among the local population. Despite the fast development this system has received little attention from national development planners and international agencies, but in view of the disastrous state of the river Niger's fishery, sustainable aquaculture, fully relying on local species should be supported to release pressure on natural fish stocks. Instead of focussing all efforts on the introduction of modern aquaculture, it is important to enhance the existing system because of the knowledge and acceptance by the local population.

This paper characterizes the current management and the technical as well as economical features of the tschifi dais in the commune of Malanville, northern Benin.     

Temperature‐dependent feed requirements in farmed blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) estimated from soft tissue growth and oxygen consumption and ammonia‐N excretion

Feed requirements were estimated from specific growth rates in standardized soft tissue dry weight (SGR_DW’) and atomic O:N ratios for mussels fed seven rations of microalgae (5–735 μg C h^?1 ind^?1) at 7 and 14°C respectively. The mean oxygen consumption and ammonia‐N excretion rates were significantly higher at 14°C (0.29 μg O² and 27.3 μg N ind^?1 h¹) compared with those at 7°C (0.16 μg O² and 11.4 μg N ind^?1 h^?1) (P < 0.05), resulting in O:N ratios between 3 and 45 at 7°C and 7 and 28 at 14°C. Low O:N ratios indicate protein catabolism and an unfavourable condition, whereas high ratios indicate that carbohydrate is the primary energy source. The measured SGR_DW’ suggests minimum feed requirements of ~240 and ~570 μg C ind^?1 h^?1 for weight maintenance at 7 and 14°C, with corresponding O:N ratios of 24 and 16, respectively, indicating a more stressed condition at 14°C. A 0.5% SGR_DW’ day^?1 was obtained by ~565 (O:N = 29) and ~680 (O:N = 23) μg C ind^?1 h^?1 at 7 and 14°C respectively. A positive and significantly higher SGR_DW’, with the lowest feed ration at 7°C compared with a negative SGR_DW’ at 14°C (P < 0.05), indicated that storage time can also possibly be prolonged at low temperatures if the mussels are not fed.     

不同春玉米品种花后光合物质生产特点及碳氮含量变化

玉米高产实践表明增加花后干物质生产对于产量的进一步增加具有重要作用。为了探明高产条件下花后干物质生产增加的原因,本研究比较了玉米品种登海661 (DH661)、中单909 (ZD909)和970的产量差异,并利用产量性能分析理论剖析了花后的产量性能参数,分析了花后主要功能叶穗位叶的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和碳、氮含量的变化。结果表明,品种间的产量差异显著,产量较高的品种(DH661和ZD909)具有较高的穗粒重,而DH661具有较多的穗粒数(466.7),ZD909具有较高的粒重(392.7 g);产量较高的品种后期干物质生产及其向籽粒的分配比例高,产量性能分析表明花后的平均叶面积指数(mLAI)及光合势(LAD)与干物质生产及产量均呈显著正相关;产量较高的品种花后穗位叶叶绿素、全碳和全氮含量下降慢,碳氮比值增加慢,光合速率在整个灌浆期相对较高,光合产物不仅向籽粒运转,还能在叶片中以淀粉的形式持续积累,在后期随着光合速率的下降,淀粉才开始降解向籽粒运输。可见玉米花后碳氮代谢协调、光合作用和物质生产能力衰减缓慢对于有效维持较高平均叶面积指数和光合势,进一步提高作物产量具有重要意义。     

小麦旗叶衰老过程中Rubisco周转初探

为了探讨叶片衰老过程中Rubisco的合成与降解的机理,在抽穗期对小麦进行了增施¹⁵N同位素标记的(NH₄)₂SO₄处理以延缓旗叶的衰老进程,同时对旗叶中Rubisco及Rubisco的组成成分LSU、SSU的含量及其相应的¹⁵N丰度进行了测定。结果表明,Rubisco及LSU、SSU等的含量均增加;且在小麦旗叶光合功能高值持续期,Rubisco及LSU、SSU等的丰度均处于较高水平,表明Rubisco仍处于动态的降解、合成这一周转过程中,仍有Rubisco的重新合成,但Rubisco同时也被不断地降解;而在光合功能低值期,Rubisco及LSU、SSU等的¹⁵N丰度均处于低水平,且基本无变化,表明此时无Rubisco的重新合成。另外土壤¹⁵N丰度的降低说明植株在生长发育后期仍有较强的从土壤中吸收氮素的能力。因此抽穗期施氮肥对小麦产量的提高有重要意义。     

大兴安岭主要沼泽湿地土壤碳氮垂直分布特征

为了研究大兴安岭北部两类主要沼泽湿地(柴桦-笃斯越桔和落叶松-杜香)土壤有机碳和全氮的垂直分布特征与积累特征,采用重铬酸钾-外加热法、凯氏定氮仪分别测定了土壤有机碳、全氮质量分数,并用环刀法测定了土壤密度.结果表明:两类湿地剖面有机碳分布均具有明显的储碳层和淀积层;上层的储碳层厚度约为10 cm,有机碳平均质量分数分别...     

等氮条件下不同磷钾比例对烤烟生理特性及产质量的影响

以烤烟品种吉烟9号为试验材料,研究了等氮条件下(施纯氮75 kg/hm2),磷钾的不同比例对烤烟生理特性、经济性状、化学成分、致香物质含量和评吸质量的影响。结果表明:随着磷钾比例的增大,烟叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、SOD和CAT酶活性、经济性状各项指标和致香物质总量呈先升后降的变化特征,MDA含量的变化则表现相反,其中以氮磷钾比例为1∶1.5∶3的处理改善烟叶生理特性、增加产量、提高品质的效果最好。     

氮、磷、钾、有机肥配施对杂交稻特优73产量形成与氮吸收的影响

研究了氮、磷、钾、有机肥配施对杂交稻特优73产量形成与氮吸收的影响。结果表明:增施氮、磷、钾肥都能提高水稻的分蘖能力、叶面积指数和干物质积累量,从而提高产量。以配施氮磷钾肥的水稻产量最高;在配施氮磷钾肥的基础上增施有机肥,因为氮肥偏多,产量有所下降。氮、磷、钾肥配施,能促进水稻对氮肥的吸收与转化。     

大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥管理对稻麦轮作系统土壤线虫群落组成的影响

 【目的】揭示大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥管理对地下生态系统的影响。【方法】采用中国稻麦轮作FACE（Free-Air CO2 Enrichment）系统平台,开展了大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥管理对土壤线虫群落组成影响的研究。【结果】在稻麦轮作系统共观察到线虫35属,15个功能团。拟丽突属、真头叶属、丝尾属和潜根属为优势属,其中丝尾属和真头叶属对CO2浓度升高和氮肥管理反应敏感。在CO2浓度升高条件下土壤线虫总数、功能团Fu2和Om4的线虫多度均显著增加,其中Fu2多度在CO2和氮肥的交互影响下变化明显。【结论】CO2浓度升高和氮肥管理改变了土壤腐屑食物网的结构和有机质的分解途径。高氮条件下,CO2浓度升高降低了线虫的通路指数（CI）,细菌为主的分解通道在小麦季的FACE（HN）处理中占优势。不同施氮水平对线虫结构指数（SI）产生显著影响,低氮条件下较高的SI值表明土壤环境受到的扰动较小,食物网处于结构化状态。