4种葱蒜类蔬菜种子表皮微形态的研究

本研究首次对4种葱蒜类蔬菜种子表文报形态进行了电镜扫描观察,发现韭菜、大葱、洋葱、韭葱之间,种子表皮微形态特征有明显差异,可以根据种子表皮微形态特征准确鉴别这4种蔬菜作物的种子。     

粉垄耕作对农田赤红壤团聚体结构的影响

为揭示粉垄耕作对土壤团聚体结构的影响,探明其变化机理,通过团粒分析、扫描电镜(SEM)、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)比表面积及孔径分析等表征手段对赤红壤进行形貌和结构分析,结合耕作后土壤养分的变化,分析比较了常规旋耕(CT20)、深翻旋耕(DT40)、粉垄20 cm(FL20)和粉垄40 cm(FL40)四种耕作方式下赤红壤理化特性的变化。结果表明:FL40相对其他耕作方式,增加了1～0.25mm粒径机械稳定性团聚体含量(P0.05),减少了大于3mm粒径水稳性团聚体含量(P0.05)。相对于CT20和DT40,粉垄耕作处理土壤微形态改变呈现出骨骼颗粒细小且排列紧密、表面光滑、土壤比表面积较大、孔隙分布更丰富等特点;DT40速效养分含量较CT20、FL20和FL40均达到显著差异(P0.05)。相对于CT20和DT40,粉垄耕作能增加赤红壤的中团聚体含量,使赤红壤形态特征存在明显差异;其中,FL20使作物增产显著。     

Evaluating the impact of individual leaf traits on atmospheric particulate matter accumulation using natural and synthetic leaves

The ability of vegetation to capture and retain atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM) is directly dependent on the interactions between PM and plant surfaces. However, the impact of individual leaf traits in this respect is still under debate due to variations in published findings. This study employed standardised experimental designs with natural and synthetic leaves in three experiments to explore the impact of individual leaf traits on traffic-generated PM accumulation whilst other influential variables were controlled. The impact of leaf size on PM deposition was explored using synthetic leaves of different sizes (small, medium and large) but with the same shape and surface characteristics (n = 20 for each category). The impact of leaf shape was examined using another set of synthetic leaves of different shape (elliptical, palmately-lobed and linear) but with the same surface area and the same surface characteristics (n = 20 for each category). PM accumulation (PM₁, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) on these leaves was quantified using an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) and ImageJ software. Any differences in PM capture levels due to leaf size and leaf shape were identified using one-way Anova and Tukey’s pairwise comparison. In a subsequent experiment, equal-sized, square-shaped leaf sections obtained from four plant species (n = 20 for each species) with different micromorphology were exposed to traffic-generated pollution and any PM capture differences due to leaf micromorphology identified employing the same SEM/ImageJ and statistical approach. The results of all three experiments showed significant differences in PM accumulation between different leaf sizes (p < 0.001), between different leaf shapes (p < 0.001) and between different leaf micromorphology (p < 0.001) suggesting that all these characters are influential in the capture and retention of PM on leaves. Smaller leaves and complex leaf shapes (lobed leaves) showed a greater potential to capture and retain PM. Leaf surfaces with hair/trichomes, epicuticular wax, and surface-ridges accumulated more PM compared to smooth surfaces; of these characters, leaf hairiness/presence of trichomes was found to be the most important. Species sharing most of these important leaf traits are recommended as effective PM filters.     

南疆平原干旱土的微形态特征

通过野外调查 ,应用扫描电镜和偏光显微镜等手段 ,结合理化分析 ,研究了南疆平原干旱土的微形态特征和母质成因。结果表明 :南疆平原干旱土含有大量的由砂质原生矿物组成的骨骼颗粒 ,在这些颗粒之间填充着细粉砂质原生矿物及由隐晶质、微晶质碳酸盐和粘粒所组成的细粒物质。大部分原生矿物外形完好。同一剖面从表层向下骨骼颗粒增多 ,细粒物质减少。南疆平原干旱土的基本垒结类型为斑晶骨骼嵌埋状、聚积状和漂白砂型微垒结。土壤形成物主要是铁质、碳酸盐和石膏浓聚物 ,石灰、石膏的形态和其含量有关。碳酸盐一般以内晶霜形式存在 ,含量高时出现自生方解石颗粒、胶膜、凝团、凝块和凝粒 ;石膏以隐晶质、微晶质及针状、纤维状晶体的方式散布于细粒物质当中 ,石膏含量高时呈纺锤形晶体 ;在铁质粘化层中粘粒和粉砂明显增多 ,铁质浓聚物以铁染基质存在。石英砂表面超微结构特征表明 :南疆平原干旱土的母质搬运距离较短 ,同一剖面有不同的成因或多种成因组合 ,各种成因的母质都受到风成作用的影响 ,具有风蚀、风积的特征。     

我国主要变性土的微形态研究

本文研究了变性土三大土类黑粘土、浊粘土,艳粘土的微形态特征。通过大形态、微形态、超微形态观察和膨胀收缩试验揭示了变性土的孔隙、结构、粘粒的就地重新排列以及土壤垒结与土壤粘粒含量、粘粒种类以及土壤膨胀势之间的关系,其中福建浊粘土的微形态特征发育最明显。     

Polygenetic Soils of the North-Central Part of the Gangetic Plains: A Micromorphological Approach

Micromorphology indicates that soils of the central part of the Gangetic Plains are polygenetic. They occur on surfaces originating at 13 500, 8000, 2500, >500 and <500 BP (QGH5 to QGH1, respectively). The QGH5 soils on upland interfluves show degraded illuvial clay pedofeatures of an early humid phase (13 500–11 000 BP) and thick (150–200 μm) microlaminated clay pedofeatures of a later humid phase (6500–4000 BP). The earlier clay pedofeatures were degraded by bleaching, loss of preferred orientation, development of a coarse speckled appearance and fragmentation, whereas those of the later phase are thick, smooth and strongly birefringent microlaminated clay pedofeatures. The illuviation was more extensive during the later phase, as indicated by enrichment of groundmass as discrete pedofeatures of clay intercalations. Pedogenic carbonate was formed during the intervening dry phase from the early Holocene to 6500 BP. It forms irregularly shaped nodules of micrite and diffuse needles with inclusions of soil constituents. The subsequent change to wetter conditions caused dissolution–reprecipitation, which resulted in partial to complete removal of carbonate from soils over large areas.     

Salt mineral distribution patterns in soils of the Otjomongwa pan, Namibia

The deposits of the Otjomongwa pan, southwestern Kalahari, Namibia, contain halite, thenardite and minor amounts of calcium-bearing sulfate minerals. The deposits show vertical variations in salt content, evaporite mineralogy and thenardite morphology, with similar patterns throughout the basin. The salt minerals were formed by evaporation of groundwater, within a groundmass of lacustrine deposits that did not contain synsedimentary evaporites. Lateral variations in total salt content are related to the direction of groundwater flow during a period with high groundwater levels following the end of lacustrine sedimentation in the pan basin. This was followed by a period without any groundwater influence that continues to the present. During this stage, leaching by rainwater occurred, resulting in changes in evaporite mineralogy, morphology and distribution.     

Delimitation of Amaranthus cruentus L. and Amaranthus caudatus L. using micromorphology and AFLP analysis: an application in germplasm identification

The ‘Morelos’ accessions of Amaranthus from Mexico demonstrate taxonomic ambiguity at the basic morphologic level. The main cause is the enormous morphological and genetic variation exhibited by the species in the genus. Although basic morphological criteria can be applied to herbarium specimens or germplasm collections for quick taxonomic identification, the morphological data alone can be misleading. To ascertain the taxonomic identity of the ‘Morelos’ accessions and their hypothesized species affiliation to Amaranthus caudatus or Amaranthus cruentus, we conducted a comparative analysis of phylogenetic relationships among these taxa/accessions using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and micromorphology methods. Based on AFLP data, all the controversial ‘Morelos’ accessions can be consistently placed into a single A. cruentus species clade, which is clearly separated from the A. caudatus species clade. The AFLP-based phylogenetic relationship of ‘Morelos’ and delimitation of A. cruentus and A. caudatus are further supported by micromorphology, showing that the combination of these techniques can provide more reliable data for germplasm identification than each method used alone.     

无芒隐子草叶表皮微形态对放牧强度的响应

在内蒙古荒漠草原区对无芒隐子草（Cleistogenes mutica）的叶表皮微形态进行研究,探讨植物微形态对不同放牧强度的响应策略。结果表明：重度放牧条件下叶上表皮纹饰块状凸起、表皮毛数量较其他处理区多,蜡质层较厚;叶下表皮上乳突和表皮毛数量在重度放牧条件下最多;重度放牧条件下气孔深陷于角质层内,下陷深度明显低于其他放牧区和无牧区。重度放牧条件下叶表皮微形态特点能够减少光线辐射和植物的蒸腾或蒸散,减少体内水分的流失。     

大豆肥田机制的研究Ⅳ.大豆对耕层土壤微形态的动态影响

本研究采取培养液法和偏光显微镜法研究了大豆对耕层土壤形态的动态影响。结果表明，1、以大豆根系代谢培养液处理干筛1-2mm团聚体，可使其14%成为水稳性团聚体，达到1%的显著水平。2、耕层土壤的团聚体品质及其垒结状况的改善是随着大豆生育进程逐渐形成的；尤以大豆苗期和开花期的两个代谢高峰为耕层土壤团聚体品质的改善提供的胶结构质最多；随着大豆的生长发育，期根系的穿插，挤压作用为耕层土壤复合性团聚体的形成提供了动力。