INVESTIGATION OF DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM OF 1802 MICROCOMPUTER

Based on general concepts of microcomputer developmentsystem,the design concept and main characteristics of 1802 microcomputerdevelopment system are introduced in this paper.This system is ratio-nally designed,powerful in function and very useful for further develo-pment and application of 1802 host computer in communication.     

Profiling microRNA expression in bovine alveolar macrophages using RNA-seq

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and are known to play a key role in regulating both adaptive and innate immunity. Bovine alveolar macrophages (BAMs) help maintain lung homeostasis and constitute the front line of host defense against several infectious respiratory diseases, such as bovine tuberculosis. Little is known, however, about the role miRNAs play in these cells. In this study, we used a high-throughput sequencing approach, RNA-seq, to determine the expression levels of known and novel miRNAs in unchallenged BAMs isolated from lung lavages of eight different healthy Holstein–Friesian male calves. Approximately 80 million sequence reads were generated from eight BAM miRNA Illumina sequencing libraries, and 80 miRNAs were identified as being expressed in BAMs at a threshold of at least 100 reads per million (RPM). The expression levels of miRNAs varied over a large dynamic range, with a few miRNAs expressed at very high levels (up to 800,000 RPM), and the majority lowly expressed. Notably, many of the most highly expressed miRNAs in BAMs have known roles in regulating immunity in other species (e.g. bta-let-7i, bta-miR-21, bta-miR-27, bta-miR-99b, bta-miR-146, bta-miR-147, bta-miR-155 and bta-miR-223). The most highly expressed miRNA in BAMs was miR-21, which has been shown to regulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides in Mycobacterium leprae-infected human monocytes. Furthermore, the predicted target genes of BAM-expressed miRNAs were found to be statistically enriched for roles in innate immunity. In addition to profiling the expression of known miRNAs, the RNA-seq data was also analysed to identify potentially novel bovine miRNAs. One putatively novel bovine miRNA was identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first RNA-seq study to profile miRNA expression in BAMs and provides an important reference dataset for investigating the regulatory roles miRNAs play in this important immune cell type.     

青草沙水库大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

2014年1-12月在青草沙水库设置11个站点对大型底栖动物进行逐月调查,结果表明:调查期间共采集到22种底栖动物,隶属于4门14科19属,其中多毛类7种、寡毛类4种、节肢动物3种、软体动物6种、线形动物1种;主要优势种类为圆锯齿吻沙蚕(Dentinephtys glabra)、日本角吻沙蚕(Goniada japonica)和日本旋卷蜾蠃蜚(Corophium volutator)。底栖动物年均丰度为(155.99±92.61)ind/m2,年均生物量为(0.52±0.35)g/m2,丰度和生物量在采样站点、季节间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。底栖动物生物多样性指数、生物学污染指数(BPI)和Hilsenhoff生物指数(BI)时空差异不显著。运用丰度-生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)、群落相似性聚类和MDS排序分析群落结构得出:青草沙水库大型底栖动物群落未受到干扰或干扰较轻,群落结构相对稳定。     

北京山区不同植被恢复类型土壤质量综合评价

[目的] 综合评价北京山区不同植被恢复类型土壤质量,并进一步确定影响土壤质量的关键因素,为该地区植被恢复与重建提供数据支撑。[方法] 以立地条件相近的侧柏纯林、油松纯林、侧柏油松混交林、侧柏针阔混交林、油松针阔混交林、落叶阔叶混交林和无林地(对照)为研究对象,测定14个土壤理化指标作为土壤质量评价的总数据集(TDS),采用主成分分析法(PCA)和Pearson相关性分析建立土壤质量最小数据集(MDS),利用线性(L)和非线性(NL)2种评分方法计算土壤质量指数(SQI)和一般线性模型(GLM)确定影响土壤质量的关键因素。[结果] 植被恢复后相较于无林地,土壤容重、砂粒含量下降,而有机质、全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效钾等土壤养分含量增加。筛选出的研究区土壤质量评价MDS指标为全氮、砂粒、全钾、pH、有效含水量。4种方法(SQI-LT、SQI-NLT、SQI-LM、SQI-NLM)下,不同植被恢复类型的SQI值排序均为落叶阔叶混交林＞侧柏针阔混交林＞油松纯林＞油松针阔混交林＞侧柏油松混交林＞侧柏纯林＞无林地,植被恢复后土壤质量显著提升。SQI-NLM的土壤质量评价方法在北京山区具有更好的适用性。相较于无林地,其他植被恢复类型的SQI-NLM分别提高64%,48%,45%,36%,33%,27%。GLM模型解释了土壤质量指数总变异的85.24%,植被类型对土壤质量指数的解释比例最大(45.09%)。[结论] 选择适宜的植被恢复类型是改善区域土壤质量的关键。未来实施植被恢复时,树种选择上优先考虑阔叶树种。造林配置方式的选择应取决于树种而定,如侧柏纯林中引入本土阔叶树种形成侧柏针阔混交林或选择油松纯林是最佳造林模式。     

芒果MDS家族基因的鉴定、进化及表达分析

2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-2,4-环焦磷酸合成酶(MDS)是MEP代谢途径中的关键酶。为了鉴定芒果中的MDS家族基因,探索MDS家族基因的进化、表达模式。本研究采用同源搜索的方法,从13个植物基因组中下载了16个MDS家族基因,对其进行了蛋白结构域、系统发育及在芒果中的表达分析。蛋白结构域分析结果显示,芒果MDS家族基因的蛋白序列均包含完整的PF02542.16结构域。系统发育进化树显示,芒果中的MDS家族基因是在双子叶植物形成后进化的,且与柑橘的MDS基因关系最近。表达分析结果显示,在芒果品种‘贵妃’、‘台农’和‘金煌’的成熟果果肉中,芒果MDS家族基因均在‘贵妃’中表达量最高,其次是‘台农’,在‘金煌’中表达量最低,而且差异显著。本研究为进一步研究芒果MDS家族基因在萜类合成途径中的作用提供科学依据。     

基于最小数据集的塔里木河上游绿洲土壤质量评价

以塔里木河上游绿洲阿拉尔垦区为靶区,综合考虑表征土壤物理、化学和生物学性质的14个土壤指标,利用数理统计方法确定最小数据集并评价土壤质量,同时与不含土壤酶指标的土壤质量评价结果进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤质量评价适用的最小数据集(MDS)包括:土壤水分、全盐、全氮和过氧化氢酶活性;(2)研究区棉田、新开垦农田、果园和林地等大部分耕地土壤质量属于中等及以上水平(SQI≧0.5的占78.12%),大部分分布于河岸及绿洲区域;(3)不包含土壤酶活性指标的土壤质量评价使土壤全盐含量的权重降低,且导致土壤质量评价结果偏低。     

乌鲁木齐不同生境土壤甲螨群落特征初步研究

[目的]通过对乌鲁木齐不同生境土壤甲螨群落结构特征的调查研究,查明该区土壤甲螨群落结构特征.[方法]采用形态特征分类法、群落多样性、聚类及多维度排序分析法,对土壤甲螨进行分类及群落结构特征分析.[结果]共捕获土壤螨类3 753只,其中甲螨亚目为2 811只、中气门亚目为515只、前气门亚目为366只及无气门亚目为61只.所捕获的2 811只土壤甲螨隶属于24科28属,其中懒甲螨属(Nothrus)均为各生境共有的优势类群.多样性指数H顺序为自然林＞耕地＞路边绿地＞工业用地,季节变化都表现为秋季＞春季,垂直分布都表现出明显的表聚性(0～5 cm).MGP分析表明,自然林、耕地、路边绿地土壤甲螨群落均为O型,而工业用地为P型.对春秋两季4种不同生境甲螨群落的密度进行组间平均聚类分析,形成3组.[结论]在不同土地利用条件下,土壤甲螨群落结构及多样性均有不同,这也反应了土壤甲螨对土地利用方式的响应.不同生境甲螨无翅类和低等类的丰富度和个体密度对环境变化敏感,是较好的生物指示.     

不同改良措施下砂质土壤肥力的微形态评价——以内蒙古科尔沁沙地为例

本文以内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼后旗巴胡塔镇乌旦塔拉村为试验区,选取13个土壤微形态指标,利用Photoshop、土壤切片图像处理分析系统、Image-pro plus 6.0软件对土壤微形态图像进行处理,采用定性、定量相结合的方法对不同改良处理后的砂质土壤肥力进行评价,在此基础上建立了砂质土壤肥力评价的微形态指标最小数据集(MDS)。得出以下结论:与对照组单元1相比,其他各个单元的土壤结构体、粗骨颗粒等微形态特征变化不显著。单元10(黏土、有机肥、腐殖酸施加量分别为3.00×10~5、3.00×10~4、7.50×10~3 kg/hm~2)中土壤黏粒最多、基质比最大、有机物质频率最高;土壤孔隙状况以及毛管孔隙发育最好的单元分别是单元8和单元13(黏土、有机肥、腐殖酸施加量分别是单元8:1.50×105、3.00×10~4、1.125×10~4 kg/hm~2,单元13:7.50×10~4、3.00×10~4、3.75×103 kg/hm~2)。准则层指标土壤基质、土壤孔隙、有机物质、土壤结构体、粗骨颗粒的权重分别为0.336、0.253、0.203、0.124、0.084。砂质土壤肥力评价的最小数据集包括基质比、基质类型、基质颜色、毛管孔隙占比、孔隙类型、有机物质类型、粗骨颗粒平均粒径7个指标,MDS评价结果与原始评价结果呈显著的线性相关关系,因此实际评价砂质土壤肥力时,可以MDS的7个微形态指标代替原始的13个指标。     

基于土地利用变化建立土壤质量评价最小数据集

基于研究区194个土壤样点数据,利用方差分析、主成分分析及其他相关统计方法确定了苏州市土壤质量评价最小数据集(MDS)。与先前研究不同的是,本研究将土地利用方式及利用年限对土壤质量的影响作为进入MDS的衡量标准之一;此外,计算了每个候选的土壤理化变量在所有主成分上的综合荷载,而不是只比较该变量在某一个主成分上的荷载就剔除其他变量,从而避免了丢失过多的土壤质量信息。最后对该方法的可靠性从不同角度进行了验证,对54个黄泥土样点、77个黄松土样点及所有194个样点数据分别采用该MDS确定方法,得到了同样的最小数据集。这说明该方法具有很好的稳定性、可重复性,加以完善后,本方法完全可以借鉴到其他地区,从而一定程度上能够克服由于我国地域广、各地情况差异大而采用不同的土壤质量评价方法,最后得到的评价结果难以比较的缺点。     

Indexing Soil Quality under Long-Term Maize-Wheat Cropping System in an Acidic Alfisol

A study was undertaken to identify suitable indicators of soil quality from a long-term fertilizer experiment conducted since 1972, which was laid out in a randomized block design with eleven treatments replicated three times. Surface (0–0.15 m) soil samples were collected after harvest of wheat crop during 2010–11 and were analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Sustainable yield index (SYI) was calculated based on long-term yield data. Highest and lowest overall SYI values were found in balanced fertilization along with manures and urea-only treatments, respectively. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, pH, labile carbon, available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), pentetate zinc trisodium (DTPA Zn), and nitrogen mineralization were most important minimum dataset (MDS) indicators. The greatest soil quality index (SQI) value was found in balanced fertilization along with manures followed by balanced fertilization along with lime; and the urea-only treatment was the lowest. Balanced fertilization along with manures showed positive change in soil quality and maintained sustainability of productivity.