The effect of elevating temperature on the growth and development of reproductive organs and yield of summer maize

Compared to other crops, maize production demands relatively high temperatures. However, temperatures exceeding 35℃ lead to adverse effects on maize yield. High temperatures(≥35℃) are consistently experienced by summer maize during its reproductive growth stage in the North China Plain, which is likely to cause irreversible crop damage. This study investigated the effects of elevating temperature(ET) treatment on the yield component of summer maize, beginning at the 9th unfolding leaf stage and ending at the tasseling stage. Results demonstrated that continuous ET led to a decrease in the elongation rate and activity of silks and an elongated interval between anthesis and silking stages, and eventually decreased grain number at ear tip and reduced yield. Although continuous ET before tasseling damaged the anther structure, reduced pollen activity, delayed the start of the pollen shedding stage, and shortened the pollen shedding time, it was inferred, based on phenotypical and physiological traits, that continuous ET after the 9th unfolding leaf stage influenced ears and therefore may have more significant impacts. Overall, when maize plants were exposed to ET treatment in the ear reproductive development stage, the growth of ears and tassels was blocked, which increased the occurrence of barren ear tips and led to large yield losses.     

三江平原农田地表和地下土壤螨群落空间自相关性研究

多尺度空间自相关性是土壤动物空间异质性和空间共存格局研究的重要基础。在中国科学院三江平原沼泽湿地生态实验站的农田内,以5 m为步长设置一个50 m×50 m的样地,结合全局Moran’s I和局部Moran’s I指数,研究地表、地下和地表—地下土壤螨群落多尺度空间自相关性特征。结果表明,地表和地下土壤螨群落的物种数量和平均密度均有显著差异。全局空间自相关性结果表明,除了地表螨群落,地下螨群落平均密度在8月(35~40 m)和10月(5~30 m)、地表—地下螨群落平均密度在8月(5~10 m和35~45 m)和10月(5~35 m)均有显著的多尺度全局空间自相关性,土壤螨群落中数量较多的优势和常见类群易形成明显的多尺度全局空间自相关性。局部空间自相关性结果表明,地表、地下和地表—地下螨群落及所有螨类的平均密度均存在显著的局部空间自相关性,形成"斑块"和"孔隙"并存的水平分布格局。本研究表明,多尺度全局空间自相关性是地下和地表—地下土壤螨群落的重要特征,群落和物种的平均密度均在局部地区形成"斑块"和"孔隙"并存的的水平分布格局。     

松嫩平原西部典型盐生景观土壤分形维数及盐碱化特征

为探究松嫩平原西部典型盐生景观土壤颗粒粒度组成及分形特征与土壤盐碱化之间的关系,采用体积分形维数模型计算了6种典型盐生景观土壤表层0—30 cm颗粒组成及分形维数,结合相关分析法分析了土壤分形维数与质地、盐碱特征之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)6种典型盐生景观中农田土壤分形维数值最小(2.35),碱蓬群落土壤最大(2.61),分形维数均值为2.48,分形维数随盐生景观土壤碱化程度增加而增大。(2)土壤质地越粗,砂粒含量越高,分形维数值越小;土壤质地越细,黏粒和粉粒含量越高,分形维数越大。(3)分形维数与盐分含量呈显著正相关(r=0.87,P0.05),尤其与盐分组成中HCO_3~-含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.89,P0.01),与养分中总磷含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.90,P0.01)。(4)土壤颗粒组成中砂粒、粉粒和黏粒与盐分、HCO_3~-及总磷含量也存在极显著相关性。不同盐生景观土壤分形维数与土壤颗粒组成和土壤盐分之间存在显著的相关性,因此可以用分形维数来反映土壤质地和指示土壤盐碱化特征。     

华北丘陵及平原有机及常规农田地表蜘蛛多样性研究

为满足日益增长的粮食需求,丘陵地区的农业发展已受到越来越多的重视,而农业集约化生产是导致生物多样性丧失的主要原因之一。为了解地形区域、生产管理模式及边界树篱带对农田地表天敌多样性的影响,在我国华北典型农区,选取5种农田,包括丘陵地区的常规管理无植物篱玉米地(CM)、常规管理有植物篱玉米地(CMH)、有机管理无植物篱玉米地(OM)、有机管理有植物篱玉米地(OMH)和平原地区常规管理无植物篱玉米地(PCM),于2019年8—9月采用陷阱法展开蜘蛛多样性调查。结果表明:处于丘陵地区的玉米地蜘蛛的香农多样性和物种稀疏指数显著高于平原地区,有机管理下的玉米地蜘蛛物种稀疏指数显著高于常规管理下的玉米地,有植物篱的玉米地蜘蛛的物种稀疏指数高于无植物篱的玉米地;且丘陵与平原、有植物篱与无植物篱、有机和常规管理下蜘蛛群落结构显著不同。基于上述研究结果,研究建议农业发展和生物多样性保护应当加强区域土地利用规划和分区管理;丘陵地区因受人类干扰较小,维持了较平原地区更高的蜘蛛物种库,可以作为集约化农区生物多样性保护的热点区,农业发展应优先规划发展低集约化的生产模式(如有机农业等),并加强景观多样性建设。而平原地区也应合理保留农田半自然边界带和降低集约化管理强度以推动生态环境改善和绿色发展。     

华北平原区土地整理耕地经济潜力评价研究

对土地整理耕地经济潜力进行评价,是土地整理中重要的技术工作之一,其结果可为土地整理经济效益评价提供重要依据.以河北省南和县土地整理项目为例,采用GIS技术、层次分析法和指数和法,选取了面积、土壤、地块、生产、交通5个因素,9个因子,对土地整理耕地经济潜力评价指标体系、评价方法及整理前后价值变化进行研究.结果表明,研究区在整理前主要为水浇地和旱地,耕地经济潜力级别主要为二、三级,占耕地总面积的93.84％,整理后主要为水浇地,耕地经济潜力级别主要为一、二级,占耕地总面积的98.51％,整理后经济潜力总体提高了30.53％;土地整理耕地经济潜力增值系数为1.305 3,整理后耕地经济潜力总体提高了30.53％.研究结果对土地整理耕地经济潜力评价有借鉴意义,可以为华北平原区土地整理绩效评价提供依据.     

刈割和封育对松嫩草原碱化羊草草地土壤跳虫群落的影响

应用类群数、个体密度和多样性指数等多个群落参数,研究刈割活动和围栏封育对松嫩草原碱化羊草草地土壤跳虫群落特征的影响.本研究共捕获土壤跳虫1 086只,分别隶属于8科18属.研究结果表明,围栏封育能够提高草地土壤跳虫的类群数、个体密度和多样性,其中个体密度提高最为迅速和显著;但长期刈割活动造成恶化的土壤理化环境对跳虫类群数量增长和群落食物网的复杂性与稳定性的提高制约是长期的;凋落物的存在与否对草地土壤跳虫群落有较大的影响,其中凋落物的累积有助于退化草地土壤跳虫群落的恢复,而凋落物的流失可能会使草地土壤跳虫群落进一步退化.     

三江平原湿地生态系统稳定性评价指标体系和评价方法

稳定性是生态系统的重要特征之一,也是衡量生态系统健康状况的重要指标。构建稳定性评价指标体系并对其进行评价,是保护湿地资源、维持其正常功能的有效有段之一。文中在遵循科学性、综合性、主导性、可操作性和可持续性等稳定性评价指标选取原则的基础上,从三江平原湿地实际情况出发,通过湿地生态环境、湿地服务功能、人类社会影响3方面分析,遴选24项指标,构建了三江平原湿地生态系统稳定性评价指标体系,并就其各指标生态意义进行了解释。参考已有研究成果,通过评价指标量化、指标权重确定、评价指标因子赋值、稳定性评价数学模型构建等步骤,将三江平原湿地生态系统稳定性划分为很不稳定、不稳定、轻度稳定、中度稳定、高度稳定5个等级层次。三江平原湿地生态系统稳定性评价指标体系的构建及其应用,可以解释该区湿地稳定性的成因与机制,明确湿地稳定性空间分布特征及其主要影响因素,并为政府制定政策提供理论依据,协调湿地保护与农业生产之间的关系,以获取最佳的经济-社会-生态效益。     

基于NOAA/AVHRR卫星数据的淮北地区干旱监测

基于2001—2006年极轨气象卫星遥感影像资料和农业气象观测站的旬土壤墒情资料,同时根据安徽省淮北地区干旱特点,利用距平植被指数与20cm土壤墒情建立了干旱监测模型,分别为y春=0.221x 54.375,y冬=0.4474x 81.447;各指数值反演土壤墒情分布,对模型进行统计检验,结果表明春季和冬季距平植被指数通过显著性检验。     

Response of aerobic rice growth and grain yield to N fertilizer at two contrasting sites near Beijing,China

In the system of “aerobic rice”, especially adapted aerobic rice varieties are grown under non-flooded conditions in non-puddled and aerobic soils with supplemental irrigation and moderate external inputs. Limited research has been done so far on optimizing nutrient management to produce high yields. In this study, we investigated yield formation and dry matter translocation of aerobic rice cultivar HD297 in response to N application, grown under different irrigation regimes at two sites close to Beijing, North China. At the “experimental farm”, the groundwater table depth was 0.2–1 m; at the “experimental station”, it was deeper than 2 m. Fertilizer-N rates were 0, 75, and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ applied in split dressings according to regional recommendations for lowland rice, with 30% being applied at sowing, 40% at tillering, and 30% at panicle initiation.     

The causes of soil alkalinization in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China

The causes of soil alkalinization in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China were mainly analyzed from two aspects, natural and anthropogenic. Natural factors of alkalinization are parent materials, topographic positions, freeze-thaw action, wind conveyance, water properties and semi-arid/sub-humid climate. Some of them were always being neglected, such as freeze-thaw action and wind conveyance. Anthropogenic causes are mainly population pressure, overgrazing and improper agricultural and economic policies. In recent decades, overgrazing played a main role in secondary soil alkalinization, which led to the decline of Leymus chinensis grasslands. Now, the alkalinization is very severe, and more than 3.2 × 10⁶ ha area has been affected by salt, which becomes one of the three largest sodic–saline areas in the world.