山湖水库“一库两站”联合运行优化调度方法

针对特殊干旱年山湖水库水资源优化调度问题,提出了单座年调节水库与补库泵站、调水泵站联合运行的“一库两站”系统水资源优化调度模型.模型以年内各阶段受水区缺水量平方和最小为目标函数,各阶段水库的供水量与外调水量为决策变量,水库年可供水量、调水泵站年提水量、库站联合运行调度准则为约束条件,采用动态规划逐次逼近法求解,获得了水库最优的供水量过程和弃水量过程、补库泵站最优的补水量过程以及调水泵站最优的提水量过程.结果表明：山湖水库“一库两站”系统水资源优化调度可将系统缺水量从16万m3减小至8.6万m3,而水库弃水量从84.1万m3减小至0,泵站补水量从2 190万m3减小至2 140万m3,外调水量从380万m3增加至390万m3.该成果可为采用类似“一库两站”系统供水灌区的运行管理提供借鉴和参考.     

河道型水库干支流交汇段水力特性数值分析

以典型河道型水库库区主流与支流交汇段几何尺寸与来流条件为参照,建立了三维概化数学模型并开展多情景数值分析,以揭示不同交汇角对干支流交汇段关键水力特性变化的影响.重点研究了交汇角α分别为30°,60°,90°,120°,150°的5种工况,计算结果表明:在不同交汇角条件下均存在紊动能高值集中区域,且紊动能与交汇角大小存在正相关关系,即随着交汇角增大,紊动能峰值区域的面积及峰值大小显著增大;不同交汇角条件下床面切应力最大值均由交汇口向支流上游沿程递减,而当α<90°时断面流速变异系数沿程先增大后减小,当α≥90°时断面流速变异系数沿程减小;另外,当α<90°时,床面切应力和断面流速变异系数与交汇角大小存在负相关关系,而当α≥90°时,这2个特性指标随着交汇角增大而递增.     

紫色土坡耕地埂坎水分衰减下土压力非线性分布

[目的]揭示紫色土坡耕地埂坎土压力分布特征及其影响因素,为三峡库区乃至长江上游地区的紫色土坡耕地埂坎优化设计、建设与维护提供科学依据。[方法]采用土槽模拟试验,向土槽注水至土壤基本饱和,使用静态应变仪分层采集土压力,采用烘干法测量各层土壤水分含量,分析土壤水分衰减过程中土压力变化特征。[结果]①土压力随着土层深度的增加呈非线性分布,表现为土压力先随着土层深度的增加而增大,在距离试验土槽底部0.375 H左右达到最大,然后又随着土层深度的增加而减小。②试验条件下,土壤水分饱和后随着时间的变化呈近似线性衰减,并对土压力产生了显著影响(p0.01),但不同土层间存在一定差异。③土层深度和土壤水分含量的交互效应对土压力的影响显著(p0.01)。[结论]三峡库区紫色土坡耕地埂坎土压力呈非线性分布,土层深度和土壤水分含量及其交互效应对埂坎土压力均存在显著影响。     

三峡库区等高绿篱技术对土壤物理性质的影响

等高绿篱是目前国内外广泛采用的一种十分有效的坡耕地植被恢复和水土保育技术,被认为是三峡库区农业生态系统持续发展的有效途径之一。以等高绿篱（新银合欢和黄荆）篱前淤积土为研究对象,评估等高绿篱一坡地农业复合种植模式下不同土层深度、不同距篱（坎）距的土壤水分及物理性质变化特征。结果显示：绿篱处理的土壤非毛管孔隙度、饱和入渗率、饱和含水量和自然含水量均高于石坎梯田处理,而土壤密度和田间持水量均小于石坎梯田处理,尤其在表层和第2层,其差异更明显,等高绿篱保育土壤效益显著;同一土层,随距篱（坎）距延长,绿篱处理的土壤密度、自然含水量逐渐增大,土壤非毛管孔隙度、饱和入渗率和饱和含水量逐渐减小,而石坎梯田处理的变化不明显;随土层加深,各处理的土壤密度、自然含水量均相应逐渐增大,土壤非毛管孔隙度、饱和入渗率和饱和含水量均相应逐渐减小,且处理之间差异也逐渐缩小;距篱（坎）远近间接反映了绿篱处理对土壤水分及物理性质的影响程度,距篱越近,影响越大;新银合欢处理与黄荆处理之间相比,效应相当。     

黄河流域水库拦截泥沙量的计算及泥沙分布特征

根据黄河输沙量等观测资料,提出了一个简便的用于计算流域水库拦截泥沙量的公式。据对1950—2003年黄河流域水库拦截的泥沙量进行计算,54年来拦截的泥沙总量为196亿t,其中大约有70%的泥沙分布在三门峡和小浪底水库库区。研究指出,对现有黄河干流控制性水库制定科学的调水调沙方案,对在建和拟建的水库采取积极的调水调沙设计,制定黄河流域系统的水沙调配总体方案,将有利于解决黄河下游和三角洲地区与水沙有关的一系列环境问题。     

桂林青狮潭水库消落带植物物种及其特性

通过野外调查,筛选出适合桂林青狮潭水库消落带植被重建的植物物种钝叶草和硬骨草,并对这两种植物进行了室内培育,重点研究了所选植物根系的力学特性和水污染吸附特性等,结果表明:钝叶草和硬骨草在恶劣的生态环境中都具有很强的生态适应性,但钝叶草对水质的净化作用优于硬骨草,因此桂林青狮潭水库消落带植被重建的植物物种应以钝叶草为主。     

Ecological and landscape effects on genetic distance in an assemblage of headwater fishes

Environmental divergence along hierarchically structured longitudinal gradients may constitute barriers to gene flow in river networks for headwater specialised species. While known, this phenomenon has not been well studied, especially with regard to degree of headwater specialisation. We examined six headwater species that differ in habitat specialisation to assess whether patterns of differentiation vary according to geographic or environmental distance. We also identified regional environmental or anthropogenically induced fragmentation effects by comparing within‐drainage patterns of genetic distance across replicate watersheds. We used a comparative modelling framework to determine whether isolation by distance or isolation by resistance of large river habitats was a better predictor of genetic distance across species. The influence of reservoir presence and regional network characteristics that may influence the hydrology and size of large river habitats were also assessed. Resistance effects from large rivers were closely related to headwater specialisation, with increased specialisation leading to increased resistance and loss of drainagewide population connectivity. These results affirm that dendritic networks naturally fragment headwater specialised species. Further isolation from anthropogenic fragmentation was detected in two of the six drainages, indicating interactions with system‐specific conditions. Landscape variables related to the hydrology of large rivers also affected genetic distance in predicted ways, supporting the importance of large rivers in genetically structuring headwater species in drainage networks.     

悦来航电枢纽库坝区渗漏问题的分析与评价

根据松花江悦来航电枢纽工程的勘察实例,对悦来航电枢纽库坝区渗漏问题进行了分析与评价,并且较详细地介绍了工程防治处理措施。     

Chronological age and reservoir characteristics as predictors of trait composition in Neotropical reservoir fish assemblages

One of the main impacts on aquatic environments is the alteration of flow regime, usually caused by dam construction. This impact changes the dynamics and functioning of the environment. We aimed to evaluate changes in the composition of functional traits of fish assemblages from 29 reservoirs of different chronological ages. We assessed if there were any alterations in trophic state of these reservoirs according to their ages (chronological variable). Then, we evaluated the relationship between functional traits and environmental/chronological variables. Results showed that reservoir age is a predictor of fish assemblage functional traits composition. In older reservoirs, there was a predominance of omnivorous species, with multiple spawning and parental care. However, herbivorous species, with total spawning and medium size, had their abundance reduced. Also, it was possible to identify the influence of depth and water retention time on the composition of functional traits. By showing that although age has an influence on composition, the intrinsic characteristics of each reservoir are very important in evaluating the impacts of these projects. Therefore, the findings presented provide insights into what may happen to functional traits of fish assemblages with ageing of reservoirs.     

蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验对水质检测的研究

以南水北调中线水源区丹江口水库水体为检测对象和试验材料,在2007年6月选取3个采样点进行水体采集和理化检测,水体浓缩为低、中、高3个剂量组,以自来水处理为阴性对照组,以CrO3处理为阳性对照组,利用蚕豆根尖进行了5组不同的细胞微核试验。水体理化检测表明水质有一定的污染。微核试验表明,5组间都有显著差异。分析得出:蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验对水质检测是非常有效简单易行的方法,值得推广;丹江口水库水质有污染,但尚不严重,有待改善,并做好长期监测和研究。