Distribution of Manganese(Ⅱ) Chemical Forms on Soybean Roots and Manganese(Ⅱ) Toxicity

Distribution of chemical forms of manganese(Ⅱ)(Mn(Ⅱ))on plant roots may affect Mn(Ⅱ)absorption by plants and toxicity of Mn(Ⅱ)to plants at its high level.The chemical forms of Mn(Ⅱ)on soybean roots were investigated to determine the main factors that affect their distribution and relationship with Mn(Ⅱ)plant toxicity.Fresh soybean roots were reacted with Mn(Ⅱ)in solutions,and Mn(Ⅱ)adsorbed on the roots was differentiated into exchangeable,complexed,and precipitated forms through sequential extraction with KNO_3,EDTA,and HCl.The exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)content on the roots was the highest,followed by the complexed and precipitated Mn(Ⅱ)contents.Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to the roots was greater at pH 5.5 than at pH 4.2 due to the larger amount of exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)at higher pH.The cations Al~(3+),La~(3+),Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),and NH_4~+competed with Mn(Ⅱ)for cation exchange sites on the root surfaces and thus reduced exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots,in the order Al~(3+),La~(3+)Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)NH_4~+.Al~(3+) and La~(3+) at 100μmol L~(-1) decreased exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)by 80%and 79%,respectively,and Ca~(2+) and Mg2+at 1 mmol L~(-1) decreased exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)by 51%and 73%,respectively.Organic anions oxalate,citrate,and malate reduced free Mn(Ⅱ)concentration in solution through formation of complexes with Mn(Ⅱ),efficiently decreasing exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots;the decreases in exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots were 30.9%,19.7%,and 10.9%,respectively,which was consistent with the complexing ability of these organic anions with Mn(Ⅱ).Thus,exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)was the dominant form of Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots and responsible for Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to plants.The coexisting cations and organic anions reduced the exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)content,and thus they could alleviate Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to plants on acid soils.     

水溶性阳离子在工程黄土中的扩散特性

该文采用水平扩散池观测了水溶性盐阳离子在工程黄土中的扩散过程。结果表明：水溶性盐阳离子在土壤中的扩散性因离子种类而异,Ｃａ＾２＋的扩散系数最高,Ｍｇ＾２＋,Ｎａ＾＋,Ｋ＾＋依次降低,其由两个模型测定的平均值分别为２．６９２８×１０＾－６,２．３１２７×１０＾－６,１．６７３０×１０＾－６,０．４５０４×１０＾０－６ｃｍ＾２／ｓ。在距源溶液较近时,土壤胶体交换性Ｋ＾＋,Ｎａ＾＋,Ｍｇ６２＋均明显升高     

不同豆科植物对土壤酸化的影响

以9种豆科牧草为试材,在缺磷砂土上研究施用Ca(H₂PO₄)₂后对其产酸量的影响.结果表明:Lupinus albus,Lupinus lutens和Biserrula pelecinus施磷需求量比Cicer aritimum,Vicia faba,Medicago polgmorpha,Ornithopus sativus和Trifolium subterraneum低,而Lupinus angustifolius需求量最高.当增施磷肥,使其达到中度缺磷水平时,比酸度有所增加,但进一步增施磷肥则使植株产酸量减少,在几种植物中,C.arietinum产酸量最高,B.pelecinus最低.比酸度与过量阳离子、灰碱、钙和镁等浓度有关.在不考虑施磷和植物品种的情况下,植物产酸总量与植株地上部分过量阳离子总量恰好一致;在施磷量不同的情况下,豆科植物产酸量主要由其吸收阳离子和阴离子的差异决定.     

大麦酸害——铝毒发生条件及防治研究

大麦对铝敏感,当土壤pH≤5.5时,代换性铝急剧增加,为害根系,使发育不良,产量低落或甚失收。施用厩肥能有效降低代换铝含量,缓解或消除其毒害。在用法上,宜在播种时盖籽肥,以使厩肥混入根域土壤。     

Effect of wood ash on soil chemistry of a pine stand in Northern Germany

Addition of wood ash to acid soils will affect the soil chemistry of forests in a number of ways which were assessed for a pine stand in northern Germany. A field experiment was carried out in a fifty‐year old pine stand on a sandy Podzol at Fuhrberg (Lüneburger Heide, Lower Saxony/Germany) which involved depositing wood ash (2.4 t ha^—1) on the surface. Soil solution chemistry was investigated monthly at different depths for 24 months. Prior to and 19 months after the ash addition, exchangeable cations and amounts of heavy metals were determined at different depths. Two to four months after addition of wood ash, maximum mean concentrations in the soil solution of Ca were 240 μmol l^—1 at 0 cm (surface of mineral soil) and 100 μmol l^—1 at 100 cm and of K 980 μmol l^—1 and 140 μmol l^—1, respectively. The pH values in soil solutions dropped temporarily by 0.3 units at 0 and 10 cm depth. Nitrate concentrations increased at all depths and maximum mean concentration was 230 μmol l^—1 at 100 cm. Concentrations of Pb and Cr in soil solution did not change significantly (p < 0.05) after ash addition. Concentrations of Cd and Zn increased significantly at some depths but stayed well below the legal limit for drinking water and below the limits given by the German recommendation for soil conservation. Nineteen months after ash addition, the cation exchange capacity (corrected for the release of cations from the ash) of the upper 6 cm of the organic layer was almost doubled and amounts of exchangeable Ca and Mg increased significantly in the upper 8 cm of the organic layer. Amounts of Zn were increased in the entire organic layer, but changes were significant only in the upper 4 cm. The results of this study suggest that ash from untreated wood (using modest additions) may be recommended for amelioration of forest soils.     

Changes in Chemical Properties of an Oxisol Due to Gypsum Application

The increasing demand for fertilizers and the fact that the world reserves of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are depletable make appropriate soil management a critical factor in agriculture. Techniques for the fertilizer use and soil acidity corrective are becoming increasingly necessary to minimize the cost of yield and increase the nutrient efficiency. In view of the aforementioned, the present study aimed to assess the effects of gypsum application on the leaching of cations in the soil profile. A completely randomized design in a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement, with five replicates, was used. The treatments corresponded to five gypsum rates (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 magnesium (Mg) ha^?1) applied on broadcast of soil and at four depth sampled (0–5, 6–10, 11–15, and 16–20 cm). Gypsum application increased the fertility in depth, with the leaching of cations. There was an increase in soil pH, exchangeable K⁺ and calcium (Ca²⁺), sulfur (S–SO₄^2?), P, boron (B), and manganese (Mn) concentration, cation exchange capacity (CEC), K⁺ and Ca²⁺ saturation, Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺/K⁺, and K⁺/(Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺) ratios, and electrical conductivity in soil depth. On the other hand, there was a decrease in exchangeable Mg²⁺ and potential acidity hydrogen and aluminum (H⁺ + Al³⁺), available silicon (Si), Mg²⁺ saturation, and Ca²⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/K⁺ ratio. These results demonstrate that the gypsum application in an Oxisol with 690 g kg^?1 of clay improves the root system with a significant increase in the soil fertility in the profile.     

石灰性土壤中几种蔬菜幼苗吸钾特点的研究

本文选用8种蔬菜作物在两种石灰性土壤上进行幼苗耗钾试验,以探讨不同蔬菜作物在苗期的吸钾特点。试验结果表明,各种蔬菜作物吸钾和耐钾饥饿的能力有明显的差异。在耗钾试验中,作物吸收的钾绝大部分来自土壤非交换性钾,其中 1M热HNO_3一次不能提取的非交换性钾部分最高可达55％,其数量随种植次数及作物吸钾总量的增长而提高。     

Biotic community shifts explain the contrasting responses of microbial and root respiration to experimental soil acidification

Soil respiration is comprised primarily of root and microbial respiration, and accounts for nearly half of the total CO₂ efflux from terrestrial ecosystems. Soil acidification resulting from acid deposition significantly affects soil respiration. Yet, the mechanisms that underlie the effects of acidification on soil respiration and its two components remain unclear. We collected data on sources of soil CO₂ efflux (microbial and root respiration), above- and belowground biotic communities, and soil properties in a 4-year field experiment with seven levels of acid in a semi-arid Inner Mongolian grassland. Here, we show that soil acidification has contrasting effects on root and microbial respiration in a typical steppe grassland. Soil acidification increases root respiration mainly by an increase in root biomass and a shift to plant species with greater specific root respiration rates. The shift of plant community from perennial bunchgrasses to perennial rhizome grasses was in turn regulated by the decreases in soil base cations and N status. In contrast, soil acidification suppresses microbial respiration by reducing total microbial biomass and enzymatic activities, which appear to result from increases in soil H⁺ ions and decreases in soil base cations. Our results suggest that shifts in both plant and microbial communities dominate the responses of soil respiration and its components to soil acidification. These results also indicate that carbon cycling models concerned with future climate change should consider soil acidification as well as shifts in biotic communities.     

A simple turbidimetric method for determination of exchangeable soil potassium

Abstract

It was found that sodium tetraphenylboron, NaB(C₆H₅)₄, can be used as a reagent for determination of K in acid sodium acetate extracts of soils. After extraction and filtration, sodium hydroxide and formaldehyde are added prior to the reagent to avoid interference of ammonium. At low concentrations of K in the extracts (<30 mg K/1) the white precipitate of potassium tetraphenylboron, KB(C₆H₅)₄, is colloidal and the concentration of K can be determined turbidimetrically with a simple instrument in the field or on the farm.     

Evaluation of Nutrient Release in Salt‐Saturated Soils

Abstract

The effects of irrigating with saline water on native soil fertility and nutrient relationships are not well understood. In a laboratory experiment, we determined the extent of indigenous nutrient [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] release in salt-saturated soils. Soils were saturated with 0, 75, and 150 mmolc L^?1 sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and incubated for 1, 5, 10, and 15 days. The saturation extracts were analyzed for pH, ECe, and water‐soluble Ca, Mg, K, Mn, and Zn, and the remainder soil samples were analyzed for exchangeable forms of these elements. In a subexperiment, three soil types (masa, red‐yellow, and andosol) were saturated individually either with 100 mmolc L^?1 of NaCl, sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), or sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) salt. These salts were also compared for nutrient release. Soils treated with NaCl released higher amounts of water‐soluble than exchangeable nutrients. Except for Zn, the average concentrations of these nutrients in the soil solution increased significantly with time of incubation, but concentrations of the exchangeable forms varied inversely with time of incubation. The masa soil exhibited the highest concentrations of Ca and Mg, whereas K was highest in andosol. The extract from soils treated with NaCl contained greater amounts of soluble cations, whereas soils treated with Na₂SO₄ produced the lowest concentration of these elements irrespective of the type of soil used.