土壤离子吸附：2.主要阴阳离子的吸附特性

综述了土壤与环境中主要阴离子ＨＰＯ＾２－４，ＭｏＯ＾２－４，ＳＯ＾２－４，Ｆ＾－，Ｃｌ＾－和ＮＯ＾－３以及主要阳离子Ｋ＾＋，Ｎａ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋和重金属离子Ｃｕ＾２＋，Ｚｎ＾２＋，Ｎｉ＾２＋，Ｃｏ＾２＋，Ｐｂ＾２＋等的吸附特性和研究进展。     

两种不同耐盐大麦根际中离子的分布特征

选用耐盐性较强的大麦滩引５号（Ｔ）和盐敏感大麦ＣＴ１６（Ｓ），用根袋法研究了大麦极际中各种盐分离子的分布特征及动态变化。Ｔ大麦土体的ｐＨ高于Ｓ大麦，根际则相反。与非根际比较，Ｔ大麦根际土壤中除Ｋ＾＋离子亏缺外，Ｎａ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋，ＳＯ４＾２－，Ｃｌ＾－及ＨＣＯ３＾－离子均富集；而Ｓ大麦根际土壤中Ｋ＾＋和Ｎａ＾＋离子亏缺，其它离子则不同程度地富集，但除ＨＣＯ３＾－离子外，亏缺或富集的程     

滨海盐土脱盐过程中pH变化及碱化问题研究

对滨海重盐土室内淋洗模拟脱盐过程的分析研究结果表明：随着含盐量的下降,Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃｌ＾－、ＳＯ４＾２－、Ｃａ＾２＋和Ｋ＾＋的绝对含量都逐渐减少,ＨＣＯ３＾－逐渐增加;Ｃｌ＾－和Ｎａ＾＋的相对含量逐渐下降,而ＳＯ４＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｋ＾＋特别是Ｃａ＾２＋、ＨＣＯ３＾－的相对含量逐渐增加,当含盐量降至１ｇ／ｋｇ以下时结果更加明显。由于各离子的迁移能力不同,导致土壤的盐分化学类型由Ｃｌ－Ｎａ向ＨＣＯ３－Ｃａ转化。淋洗试验中淋洗液的盐分化学类型变化滞后于土样。ｐＨ值在整个脱盐过程中先上升后下降,ｐＨ值下降时的土壤含盐量在小于１ｇ／ｋｇ范围。在ｐＨ值先上升后下降的变化过程中,Ｃａ＾２＋含量是先下降后上升,而ＨＣＯ３＾－含量是先上升后下降,残余碳酸钠（ＲＳＣ）的变化趋势也与ＨＣＯ３＾－一样,土壤ｐＨ值与可溶性Ｃａ＾２＋含     

各拉丹冬峰东冰川冰,雪,水地球化学特征

论述长江之源各拉丹冬峰东坡的尕日曲流域冈加曲巴冰川和水晶矿冰川冰、雪、水样品中的ＰＨ值、总碱度、总硬度、矿化度，以及Ｋ＾＋，Ｎａ＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋和ＳＯ＾２－４，Ｃｌ＾－，ＨＣＯ＾－３，ＳｉＯ２等可溶性离子的含量，同时讨论了其水化学组成类型。     

作物对盐分的吸收及其盐害的预测预报

通过温室和田间试验,研究小麦和甜菜在盐胁迫下的生长及其对盐分的吸收。结果表明,小麦耐热略低于甜菜,Ｎａ＾＋抑制小麦和甜菜对Ｋ＾＋和Ｃａ＾２＋的吸收,小麦和甜菜的相对干物质重与土壤含盐量的关系符合Ｍａａｓ－Ｈｏｆｆｍａｎ模型,小麦和甜菜叶Ｎａ＾＋含量与土壤含盐量呈显著正相关,且与干物质重的关系也符合Ｍａａｓ－Ｈｏｆｆｍａｎ模型,文中提出了利用作物叶的Ｎａ＾＋含量与相对干物质重之间的Ｍａａｓ－Ｈｏｆｆ     

盐胁迫下大白菜吸收转运45Ca2＋的变化

在５ｍＳｃｍ＾－１和１０ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫过程中，大白菜幼苗根系膜透性、ＴＴＣ还原能力和丙二醛含量的变化显示根受到不同程度伤害。盐腔迫处理下，根系对钙的吸收速率在〔Ｃａ＾２＋〕〉０．７５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时明显受到抑制。根系对＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋的积累能力分别在５ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫５ｈ生１０ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫３ｈ后受到抑制，而且大白菜各器官（根、茎、叶）对＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋的吸收、转运     

蒸发脱湿过程中盐胁迫对苜蓿生长及矿质元素吸收运输的影响

用土壤溶液浓度ＮａＣｌ７５　～３２５　ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的中性盐对苜蓿　进行胁迫处理，研究苜蓿在土壤脱湿过程中，盐胁迫对其生长及矿质元素吸收运输的影响．　结果表明，ＮａＣｌ胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长均使苜蓿的相对生长速率、含水量、累积　蒸散量、水分利用效率、Ｋ含量和Ｋ／Ｎａ值下降，但土体中的剩余水量却呈上升趋势．苜蓿生长　受到水分与盐分胁迫双重胁迫的影响．随ＮａＣｌ胁迫的增加，苜蓿的Ｎ素含有率变化不大，但积　累量显著减少；Ｋ＋、Ｃａ２＋的比吸收率（ＳＡＲ）显著降低，植株Ｋ＋、Ｃａ２＋含　量减少，而植株Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－的比吸收率ＳＡＲ显著提高，牧草体内Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－含量不断积　累增加，植株Ｋ／Ｎａ值降低．对Ｐ、Ｍｇ２＋的吸收在不同水盐条件下变化不一致．苜蓿根系　吸收钾钠离子后，向茎叶运输钾的选择性随ＮａＣｌ胁迫的不同而呈现出不同的趋势．     

钒试剂光度法测定环境样品中锰的研究

研究了１．０ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１ＮａＯＨ溶液中使Ｍｎ（Ⅱ）被空气中氧氧化成Ｍｎ（Ⅳ），然后在２．４ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１磷酸介质中氧化钒试剂显色的反应，选择了最佳反应条件。方法的检出限为０．０４μｇ·ｍＬ＾－１。本法简单灵敏、选择性较好，可测定植物样叶中Ｍｎ的含量。     

土壤中离子扩散的动力学研究

本文首先从理论上分析了土壤中离子扩散的动力学问题，提出了土壤中离子扩散的三种动力学类型，即扩散的一级动力学、零级动力学和负一极动力学，并且还指出，一级动力学是土壤中离子扩散的普遍形式，负一级动力学只出现在过程的初期阶段，而扩散的零级动力学则存在于有快速表面反应的情况下。在此基础上进行了Ｍｇ＾２＋在土壤和石英砂中的扩散动力学实验研究，结果发现不论在２９８Ｋ还是在３０８Ｋ的温度下，两个体系中Ｍｇ＾２＋     

植物材料含碘量的测定

德国是世界碘缺乏区之一，对土壤和植株中的碘含量的调查显得特别重要。土壤和植株中的低含量碘（μｇ和ｎｇ水平）可根据ＳＡＮＤＥＬＬ－ＫＯＬＴＨＯＦＦ反应用分光光度计测定，其原理是在碘催化下Ａｓ（Ⅲ）将Ｃｅ（Ⅲ）还原。该反应的程度主要取决于时间和温度，也受离子（如Ｃｌ＾－、ＮＯ２＾－、ＳＣＮ＾－、Ｆｅ＾２＋、ＢｒＯ３＾－、ＭｎＯ４＾－、Ａｇ＾＋、ＣＮ＾－、Ｈｇ＾＋）和金属（如Ｏｓ）的影响。加入ＫＯＨ和Ｚ     

Changes in Chemical Properties of an Oxisol Due to Gypsum Application

The increasing demand for fertilizers and the fact that the world reserves of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are depletable make appropriate soil management a critical factor in agriculture. Techniques for the fertilizer use and soil acidity corrective are becoming increasingly necessary to minimize the cost of yield and increase the nutrient efficiency. In view of the aforementioned, the present study aimed to assess the effects of gypsum application on the leaching of cations in the soil profile. A completely randomized design in a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement, with five replicates, was used. The treatments corresponded to five gypsum rates (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 magnesium (Mg) ha^?1) applied on broadcast of soil and at four depth sampled (0–5, 6–10, 11–15, and 16–20 cm). Gypsum application increased the fertility in depth, with the leaching of cations. There was an increase in soil pH, exchangeable K⁺ and calcium (Ca²⁺), sulfur (S–SO₄^2?), P, boron (B), and manganese (Mn) concentration, cation exchange capacity (CEC), K⁺ and Ca²⁺ saturation, Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺/K⁺, and K⁺/(Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺) ratios, and electrical conductivity in soil depth. On the other hand, there was a decrease in exchangeable Mg²⁺ and potential acidity hydrogen and aluminum (H⁺ + Al³⁺), available silicon (Si), Mg²⁺ saturation, and Ca²⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/K⁺ ratio. These results demonstrate that the gypsum application in an Oxisol with 690 g kg^?1 of clay improves the root system with a significant increase in the soil fertility in the profile.     

REACTIONS OF AMMONIA WITH SOIL. I

Heats of adsorption and adsorption isotherms of ammonia gas were measured at 300 K (27 °C) on outgassed soil saturated with Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, or Mg²⁺ ions. The Ca and Mg soils adsorbed apparently one more NH₂ molecule per exchangeable ion than the Na and K soils, mostly in the relative pressure range o to 0.005, but not much more than the NH₄ soil. The initial heat of adsorption was c. 75 kJ mol^-1 on the Ca and Mg soils and c. 60 kJ mol^-1 on the other soils. The results suggest that most NH, is sorbed on these soils through reactions not involving exchangeable cations.     

不同白榆品系对滨海盐碱地的改良效果及盐分离子的分布与吸收

为揭示不同白榆(Ulmus pumila L.)品系对滨海盐碱地土壤盐分的改良作用及盐分离子在土壤-白榆系统中的分布与吸收特征,筛选适宜在滨海盐碱地造林的耐盐白榆品系,以中度盐渍化生境下4年生的6种白榆品系(1,5,28,30,46,105号)为试验材料,采用野外取样与室内测试相结合的方法,研究了Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等盐离子在土壤及白榆品系各器官(根、茎、叶)中的分布特征。结果表明:(1)白榆可降低滨海盐碱地土壤中盐离子及全盐含量,不同白榆品系较对照的土壤全盐含量降低了55.0%～63.1%,30号白榆降幅最大。(2)不同白榆品系将Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+优先积累到叶中,且叶中维持较高的K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+比值,不同白榆品系通过建立新的离子平衡以适应盐胁迫环境。(3)不同白榆品系的离子吸收选择性系数均为SK,NaSCa,NaSMg,Na,其对K+的吸收选择性大于对Ca2+、Mg2+吸收选择性;种内差异导致不同白榆品系对Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+吸收选择能力不同,28号白榆根系对K+的吸收性最强,5号白榆根系对Ca2+、Mg2+的吸收性最强。     

Changes in soil properties and soil solution nutrients due to conservation versus conventional tillage in Vertisols

Understanding of tillage effects on soil chemical properties and cations in soil solution dynamics is essential for making appropriate land-management decisions. Measurements were made after more than 25 years of different tillage treatments: conventional tillage (CT) and conservation tillage, which includes no-till (NT) and minimum tillage (MT). pH and bulk density did not show important changes but exchangeable cations and cations in soil solution were affected by depth and different tillage. The highest concentration of exchangeable Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ was found in NT, decreased in MT and the lowest concentration was found in CT (mean values were 26.0, 24.4 and 23.3 cmol_c kg^?1 for exchangeable Ca²⁺ and 4.2, 3.7 and 3.3 cmol_c kg^?1 for exchangeable Mg²⁺ in NT, MT and CT, respectively). In addition, the highest concentration of exchangeable Na⁺ was found in NT, decreased in CT and the lowest concentration was found in MT. However, the highest concentration of exchangeable K⁺ was found in MT. A significant depth effect was observed for cations in soil solution: Na⁺ increased with depth whereas K⁺ and Ca²⁺ decreased with depth. This study aims to demonstrate the effect of tillage on the distribution and concentration of certain chemical soil properties.     

Changes in soil organic carbon and nutrient pools in aggregate-sized fractions along a chronosequence of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) plantations in arid areas of Northwest China

Different land use and management actions can affect soil aggregates (SAs) and nutrient stocks, which are crucial for sustainable agriculture. The impacts of various chrono-sequences on the soil aggregate structure, soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrients associated with aggregate fractions in wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) plantations are still not fully understood. This study examined the composition and stability of SAs, SOC, total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP) and exchangeable cations (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) in bulk soil and various aggregate-size fractions from five wolfberry plantations with varying ages (1, 4, 6, 10 and 13 years) and a corn field (0 years) in the arid region of northwest Ningxia in China. The results indicated that silt–clay (<53 μm) fractions were dominant in the soil, accounting for 51%–66%, under different plantation ages. The proportion of the macro-aggregates (>250 μm) increased significantly, by 40%–47%, over the 4 years of wolfberry plantation. Likewise, the soil aggregate stability was improved, and total exchangeable bases (TEB) along with numerous cations concentrations (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) in SAs were significantly reduced as the wolfberry plantings became older. Both concentrations of SOC and TN in the soil aggregates peaked in the 13th year. The silt–clay fractions stored a considerable amount of SOC and nutrients. However, short-term (under 6 years) cultivation of wolfberry reduced the stocks of SOC, TN and AP in the soil, while long-term (over 10 years) cultivation increased them, particularly in macro-aggregates. These findings indicated that long-term wolfberry farming had several advantages, such as enhancing soil structure, accumulating SOC and nutrients and ameliorating alkaline soils, especially after 10 years, in the arid northwest of China.     

运东近滨海地区燕麦秸秆盐分积累与改良盐碱地潜力分析

为探明燕麦在运东滨海盐碱地区秸秆盐分积累特点以及改良盐碱地的潜力,选用"坝莜1号"、"白燕2号"和"花早2号"燕麦,采用单因素随机区组试验,以品种和土壤含盐量作为因素,进行了2组田间试验,测得燕麦的生物量、秸秆离子浓度和积累量及秸秆与土壤离子浓度比值。研究结果显示,"坝莜1号"燕麦开花-灌浆至成熟期整株生物量从2.9 t·hm-2增加至3.8 t·hm-2,延迟20 d收获则减少至2.5 t·hm-2。"白燕2号"在低土壤盐分浓度(1.0 g·kg-1左右)下的生物量(3.1 t·hm-2)显著大于中浓度(2.0 g·kg-1左右,1.7 t·hm-2)和高浓度(3.0 g·kg-1左右,0.4 t·hm-2)下的生物量。中等土壤盐分浓度下"坝莜1号"的生物量(3.8 t·hm-2)显著高于"白燕2号"(3.1t·hm-2)和"花早2号"(2.2 t·hm-2)。"坝莜1号"秸秆中Na+、K+浓度从开花到成熟均显著增加,而Mg2+、Ca2+和Cl-则显著降低。延迟20 d收获,除Ca2+外,其他离子浓度均显著降低。随着土壤盐分的升高,"白燕2号"秸秆Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+和Cl-浓度显著升高,而K+显著下降。3个品种的Na+、K+和Mg2+之间存在显著差异,而Cl-和Ca2+浓度无显著差异。燕麦秸秆中Cl-浓度最高,K+和Na+基本相当,均高于Mg2+和Ca2+。"坝莜1号"秸秆中Na+、K+、Mg2+、Cl-积累量成熟期最高,延迟收获20 d后积累量均显著降低。"白燕2号"秸秆Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-积累量随土壤盐分升高显著下降。除Ca2+外,Na+、K+、Mg2+、Cl-积累量品种之间差异显著。"坝莜1号"秸秆与土壤离子浓度比值中,Na++K+最大(46~63),其次是Cl-(30~46)、Mg2+(24~30)和Ca2+(3~15);延迟收获后Na++K+和Cl-秸秆与土壤浓度比值显著下降,Mg2+比值无显著变化,Ca2+比值显著升高。随着土壤盐分升高"白燕2号"秸秆与土壤Na++K+和Cl-浓度比值显著下降,Ca2+无显著变化。秸秆与土壤离子浓度比值在品种之间存在显著差异。燕麦理论上具有改良盐碱地的潜力,但收获时间和土壤盐分均会显著地影响燕麦生物量、离子浓度和积累量,从而影响燕麦改良盐碱地的效果。     

Effect of Exogenous Silicon on Ion Distribution of Tomato Plants Under Salt Stress

Seedlings of two tomato cultivars were exposed to 0, 50, or 100 mM sodium chlroide (NaCl) stress with or without silicon (Si) for 10 days, and leaf electrolyte leakage, root activity, plant growth, and ion sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) contents were determined. No significant differences were observed in total biomass and the root/crown ratio of salt-stressed plants treated with exogenous Si, but leaf electrolyte leakage of both cultivars treated with 50 mM NaCl and Si was lower than that in the same salt treatment without Si. Root activities of both cultivars were significantly affected by treatment with NaCl and exogenous Si. Application of Si induced a significant decrease in Na⁺ content and increases in K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ contents in leaves of plants treated with 50 mM NaCl, and consequently the K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios increased by at least two times. The effects of Si on the ion contents of the roots were not notable.     

Lime and Cattle Manure in Soil Fertility and Soybean Grain Yield Cultivated in Tropical Soil

Most tropical soils have high acidity and low natural fertility. The appropriate application of lime and cattle manure corrects acidity, improves physical and biological properties, increases soil fertility, and reduces the use of chemical and/or synthetic fertilizers by crops, such as soybean, the main agricultural export product of Brazil. This study aimed to assess the effects of the combination of the application of dolomite limestone (0, 5, and 10 Mg ha^?1) and cattle manure (0, 40, and 80 Mg ha^?1) on grain yield and the chemical properties of an Oxisol (Red Latosol) cultivated with soybean for two consecutive years. The maximum grain yield was obtained with the application of 10 Mg ha^?1 of lime and 80 Mg ha^?1 of cattle manure. Liming significantly increased pH index, the concentrations of calcium (Ca²⁺) and exchangeable magnesium (Mg²⁺), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil and reduced potential acidity (H⁺ + Al³⁺), while the application of cattle manure increased pH level; the concentrations of potassium (K⁺), Ca²⁺, and exchangeable Mg²⁺; and CEC of the soil. During the 2 years of assessment, the greatest grain yields were obtained with saturation of K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in CEC at the 4.4, 40.4, and 17.5 levels, respectively. The results indicated that the ratios of soil exchangeable Ca/Mg, Ca/K, K/Mg, and K/(Ca+Mg) can be modified to increase the yield of soybean grains.     

Soil Properties and Maize Growth in Saline and Nonsaline Soils using Cassava‐Industrial Waste Compost and Vermicompost with or Without Earthworms

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of compost and vermicompost as soil conditioners in alleviating salt‐affected soils and increasing maize productivity. A greenhouse trial, consisting of seven soil amendment treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications, was carried out at Khon Kaen University, Thailand, during the rainy season of 2011. Plant height and total dry matter of maize increased in treatments with compost and vermicompost application when compared with the control (no fertilizer) in two types of soils (saline and nonsaline) during the growing season. Soil pH and electrical conductivity in saturation paste extracts were decreased by compost and vermicompost amendments with or without earthworms when compared with unamended treatments in the saline soil. Compost and vermicompost amendments improved cation exchange capacity, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and extractable phosphorus in both soils. These amendments also increased exchangeable K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ while decreasing exchangeable Na⁺ in the saline soil, which suggested that Ca²⁺ was exchanged for Na⁺, exchangeable Na⁺, then leached out, and soil salinity reduced as a result. Soil microbial activities including microbial C and N and basal soil respiration were improved by the application of compost and vermicompost amendments with or without earthworms when compared with the control in both soils. This experiment showed that the compost and vermicompost were effective in alleviating salinity and improving crop growth. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mutual relationships of biochar and soil pH,CEC, and exchangeable base cations in a model laboratory experiment

Purpose

The majority of biochar studies use soils with only a narrow range of properties making generalizations about the effects of biochar on soils difficult. In this study, we aimed to identify soil properties that determine the performance of biochar produced at high temperature (700 °C) on soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable base cation (Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺) content across a wide range of soil physicochemical properties.

Materials and methods

Ten distinct soils with varying physicochemical properties were incubated for 12 weeks with four rates of biochar application (0.5, 2, 4, and 8% w/w). Soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable base cations (Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺) were determined on the 7th and 84th day of incubation.

Results and discussion

Our results indicate that the highest biochar application rate (8%) was more effective at altering soil properties than lower biochar rates. Application of 8% biochar increased pH significantly in all incubated soils, with the increment ranging up to 1.17 pH unit. Biochar induced both an increment and a decline in soil CEC ranging up to 35.4 and 7.9%, respectively, at a biochar application rate of 8%. Similarly, biochar induced increments in exchangeable Ca²⁺ up to 38.6% and declines up to 11.4%, at an 8% biochar application rate. The increment in CEC and exchangeable Ca²⁺ content was found in soils with lower starting exchangeable Ca²⁺ contents than the biochar added, while decreases were observed in soils with higher exchangeable Ca²⁺ contents than the biochar. The original pH, CEC, exchangeable Ca²⁺, and texture of the soils represented the most crucial factors for determining the amount of change in soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable Ca²⁺ content.

Conclusions

Our findings clearly demonstrate that application of a uniform biochar to a range of soils under equivalent environmental conditions induced two contradicting effects on soil properties including soil CEC and exchangeable Ca²⁺ content. Therefore, knowledge of both biochar and soil properties will substantially improve prediction of biochar application efficiency to improve soil properties. Among important soil properties, soil exchangeable Ca²⁺ content is the primary factor controlling the direction of biochar-induced change in soil CEC and exchangeable Ca²⁺ content. Generally, biochar can induce changes in soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺ with the effectiveness and magnitude of change closely related to the soil’s original properties.