Changes in soil organic carbon and nutrient pools in aggregate-sized fractions along a chronosequence of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) plantations in arid areas of Northwest China

Different land use and management actions can affect soil aggregates (SAs) and nutrient stocks, which are crucial for sustainable agriculture. The impacts of various chrono-sequences on the soil aggregate structure, soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrients associated with aggregate fractions in wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) plantations are still not fully understood. This study examined the composition and stability of SAs, SOC, total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP) and exchangeable cations (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) in bulk soil and various aggregate-size fractions from five wolfberry plantations with varying ages (1, 4, 6, 10 and 13 years) and a corn field (0 years) in the arid region of northwest Ningxia in China. The results indicated that silt–clay (<53 μm) fractions were dominant in the soil, accounting for 51%–66%, under different plantation ages. The proportion of the macro-aggregates (>250 μm) increased significantly, by 40%–47%, over the 4 years of wolfberry plantation. Likewise, the soil aggregate stability was improved, and total exchangeable bases (TEB) along with numerous cations concentrations (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) in SAs were significantly reduced as the wolfberry plantings became older. Both concentrations of SOC and TN in the soil aggregates peaked in the 13th year. The silt–clay fractions stored a considerable amount of SOC and nutrients. However, short-term (under 6 years) cultivation of wolfberry reduced the stocks of SOC, TN and AP in the soil, while long-term (over 10 years) cultivation increased them, particularly in macro-aggregates. These findings indicated that long-term wolfberry farming had several advantages, such as enhancing soil structure, accumulating SOC and nutrients and ameliorating alkaline soils, especially after 10 years, in the arid northwest of China.     

有机物料改良滨海盐土的根际交换性阳离子效应

采用根袋法研究腐熟有机物料对滨海盐土水稻根际交换性离子组成的影响及其与植株元素吸收的关系，结果表明，施用有机物料使土壤交换性Ｃａ，Ｋ含量显著或极显著上升；交换性Ｍｇ显著递减；Ｎａ则有所增加，但差异不显著；土壤ＣＥＣ和ＥＳＰ也略有上升，但差异也未达５％显著性水平；水稻植株含Ｋ显著上升，Ｎａ则显著下降，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ含量略增但变化没有一价元素显著；土壤交换性Ｋ，Ｃａ的上升显著减少了植株的Ｎａ含量，体现了有机物料改良滨海盐土的良好效应。     

南亚热带森林演替过程土壤水分、有机质和交换性阳离子的变化格局

Information on the distribution patterns of soil water content （SWC）, soil organic matter （SOM）, and soil exchangeable cations （SEC） is important for managing forest ecosystems in a sustainable manner. This study investigated how SWC, SOM, and SEC were influenced in forests along a successional gradient, including a regional climax （monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, or MEBF）, a transitional forest （coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, or MF）, and a pioneer forest （coniferous Masson pine （Pinus rnassoniana） forest, or MPF） of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in the subtropical region of southern China. SWC, SOM, and SEC excluding Ca^2＋ were found to increase in the soil during forest succession, being highest in the top soil layer （0 to 15 cm depth） except for Na^＋. The differences between soil layers were largest in MF. This finding also suggested that the nutrients were enriched in the topsoil when they became increasingly scarce in the soil. There were no significant differences （P = 0.05） among SWC, SOM, and SEC. A linear, positive correlation was found between SWC and SOM. The correlation between SOM and cation exchange capacity （CEC） was statistically significant, which agreed with the theory that the most important factor determining SEC is SOM. The ratio of K^＋ to Na^＋ in the topsoil was about a half of that in the plants of each forest. MF had the lowest exchangeable Ca^2＋ concentration among the three forests and Ca^2＋：K^＋ in MPF was two times higher than that in MF. Understanding the changes of SWC, SOM, and CEC during forest succession would be of great help in protecting all three forests in southern China.     

Changes in potassium availability and other soil properties due to soil ingestion by earthworms

An incubation experiment was conducted to study the changes that occur in potassium availability and other soil properties with ingestion of soil by earthworms. Two soils were used. Raumai soil with high non-exchangeable K and Milson soil with low non-exchangeable K were incubated with two species of earthworm, Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus rubellus, for 8 weeks. The casts and soil samples were analysed for exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, Na, and H, pH, organic C, and texture. The results indicated that in Raumai soil, the exchangeable K levels of the casts of both earthworm species were significantly higher than for the control soil, the effect being more marked for L. rubellus than for A. caliginosa. In Milson soil, the exchangeable K levels were significantly lower in the casts of both types of earthworm than in the control soil. The nitric acid-extractable K of the soil and casts was not markedly different for either soil type, but available non-exchangeable K values were significantly higher for the casts of L. rubellus from Milson soil than for the noningested Milson soil. In Raumai soil, the exchangeable Ca was higher in the casts of L. rubellus, exchangeable Mg and H were reduced, and exchangeable Na did not change markedly in the cast compared to the control soil. For Milson soil, the casts contained lower exchangeable Ca and H but higher Na and Mg than the control. The casts of both species of earthworm had significantly higher pH values for both soil types. There was no marked difference in the organic C content of the control soil and cast samples for Milson but a reduction in the casts of A. caliginosa for the Raumai soil. Finer fractions increased in the casts of both earthworm species in both soil types.     

红壤交换性碱和交换性酸的研究 Ⅱ.与中性盐NaCl和Ba(NO3)2的关系

提出一个测定Cl- —交换性碱的方法。用自动控制pH的滴定装置定量地研究了一个砖红壤胶体和一个红壤胶体在NaCl和Ba(NO3) 2 溶液中的交换性酸的变化。结果发现 ,砖红壤和红壤胶体在两种盐溶液中 ,在测定pH范围内只出现交换性酸 ,红壤胶体的交换性酸量比砖红壤胶体的大。随着盐浓度的增高 ,交换性酸量的增幅由大变小 ,明确地出现一折点 ,NaCl在 30 0mmolkg- 1左右 ,Ba(NO3) 2 在 1 2 0mmolkg- 1左右。pH对交换性酸有显著影响 ,在Ba(NO3) 2 溶液中随pH升高而增大 ,在NaCl溶液中则出现一峰值。     

长期施用牛粪对松嫩平原盐渍化土壤脱盐碱化效果的影响

为了探究施用有机肥对盐碱土壤脱盐效果的长期效应,以腐熟牛粪为改良材料,根据牛粪施用年限共设置4个处理,分别为：施用牛粪8,12,18 a,以未施用牛粪的作为对照。通过对土壤可溶性盐分组成、交换性盐基、有机质、容重、EC和pH值等指标的测定,定量化探讨牛粪对各个指标影响及其关系,阐明长期施用牛粪对盐碱土脱盐效果的影响。结果表明,长期施用牛粪显著降低了土壤HCO₃^-的含量,消除了CO₃^2-;降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤孔隙度和土壤有机质;降低了Na⁺含量,增加了土壤交换性Ca²⁺、可溶性K⁺和Mg²⁺含量。相关性分析表明：土壤ESP和pH值与交换性Na⁺、HCO₃^-和CO₃^2-含量呈显著正相关,土壤pH值与土壤有机质呈显著负相关关系。回归分析表明：影响钠吸附比的主要因素是可溶性Mg²⁺,其...     

模拟酸雨下生物炭添加对土壤盐基离子淋失的影响

通过室内土柱试验,研究模拟酸雨淋洗下添加生物炭对土壤交换性盐基离子(Ca^2+、Mg^2+、K^+、Na^+)的影响。采用双因素全面试验法,在pH值3.5、5.6和7.0的3种模拟酸雨条件下,设置0、0.5%、1%和2%的4个生物炭添加量,测定淋出液及淋洗后土壤中4种盐基离子含量。结果表明:酸雨淋洗条件下,与无生物炭处理相比,较高生物炭添加量(2%和1%)会增加盐基离子的淋失总量。同一处理淋出液中,Ca^2+的淋失总量最大,Mg2+最易淋失。相同生物炭添加量下,4种盐基离子淋出总量均随淋洗液pH值升高而降低,淋洗液pH值为3.5时各盐基离子的淋出总量均最高;相同pH值淋洗液下,Ca^2+、Mg^2+、K^+的淋出总量为2%生物炭>1%生物炭>无生物炭处理>0.5%生物炭,而Na^+的淋出总量为2%生物炭>无生物炭处理>1%生物炭>0.5%生物炭。在酸雨淋洗条件下,与无生物炭处理相比,添加生物炭的处理可提高土壤pH值及交换性盐基离子的含量,生物炭添加量为2%时对土壤交换性盐基离子的提升效果最佳。淋洗后各处理土壤中4种盐基离子含量表现为Ca^2+>K^+>Mg^2+>Na^+。研究表明,在生物炭添加下,酸沉降同样会加剧土壤盐基离子的淋洗损失。与无生物炭处理相比,模拟酸雨条件下,生物炭添加量增加提高了pH值及盐基离子含量,其中以添加2%生物炭的处理效果最佳。     

茶树根际土壤性质及氮肥的影响

本文报导了对盆栽茶树根际土壤性质的研究结果。经外力抖落后仍粘在根系上的土壤作为根际土壤,其余土壤为非根际土壤。施氮显著降低土壤pH、交换性K、Ca、Mg含量和盐基饱和度,增加水溶性铝、有机交换态铝和吸附羟基态铝的含量。与非根际土壤相比,根际土壤pH、交换性Ca、Mg和盐基饱和度明显降低,而交换性K高于非根际土壤。根际土壤的水溶性铝、交换性铝、交换性铝饱和度和吸附羟基态铝的含量显著高于非根际土。上述结果说明茶树根际土壤明显酸化,增强了土壤铝有效度。铝在茶树根际微域环境中的这种变化,可能在茶树吸收铝的过程中起着重要作用。     

Calcium accumulation alleviates soil acidification in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) stands

Based on chemical and mechanical compositions and quartz content of red and/or yellow colored soil materials in the southwestern part of Japan, lithology index (LI) and weathering index (WI) were derived using a multivariate statistical method (factor analysis). The variables used for factor analysis are Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃, TiO₂/Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃+Al₂O₃+Quartz, Si(non-quartz)/(Fe₂O₃ + Al₂O₃), CaO + MgO + K₂O₃, MgO/K₂O₃ and Quartz/Sand, all of which represent certain different aspects of weathering and/or Iithological characteristics. Since LI and WI are mutually independent, it is possible to evaluate the effect of the degree of weathering on the characteristics of red and/or yellow colored soil materials independently from that of lithology.     

Reappraisal of methods of application of nitrogen and phosphorus at sowing on the yield,grain protein content and nitrogen economy of malting barley in Sweden

Abstract

To compare the relative efficiency of different fertilisation strategies, malting barley was fertilised with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) or compound ammonium nitrate with phosphorus (NP) applied in two ways: broadcast and harrowed into the seedbed before seeding or banded using the Scandinavian combi-drill design, with the fertiliser between every second seed row, and 40 mm below. A fixed nitrogen level (120 kg N ha^?1) was used, giving four fertiliser treatments. Eleven experiments were carried out the years 1992–1994, with latitudes 55° 55′ N as southern and 59° 36′ N as northern limit. Fertiliser-use efficiency, defined as grain yield, or grain nitrogen yield, per unit of applied N, was strongly affected by the treatments: values for combi-drilled were higher than for broadcast fertiliser and higher for NP than for CAN, with the effects being additive. The best treatment, using both banding and NP, resulted, as a mean of all trials, in a grain yield increase of 939 kg ha^?1 at 15% moisture content, or a nitrogen yield increase of 18 kg nitrogen ha^?1 compared with the poorest, using broadcast CAN. The N combi-drill effect was expected to be dependent on water availability, but this could not be confirmed when accumulated rainfall during crop establishment was used as test variable. The combi-drill effect was strongest in places where major extractable cations were abundant, possible explanations for this are discussed. Application of P to the crop and the use of combi-drill are recommended for malting barley fertilisation in Sweden.