惩罚性赔偿制度的理论定位与适用范围

惩罚性赔偿乃补偿性民事责任之重要而有益的补充，某种意义上，惩罚性赔偿制度甚至可称为现当代侵权法发展的一个方向。中国在欺诈性消费合同、恶意不签劳动合同、产品责任领域严重侵权、恶意违反执行程序等领域，应坚持在有法律明文规定的情况下适用惩罚性赔偿制度。惩罚性赔偿金额以所造成损失的2倍赔偿为宜，环境侵权领域和知识产权侵权领域在当前尚不宜适用惩罚性赔偿。     

Biological functions and clinical significance of secretogranin III

AIM: Secretogranin III (SCG3/Sg III) is extensively distributed in endocrine or endocrine-like cells in human body and plays an important role in some biological functions by regulating peptide hormone secretion and neuroendocrine activity.The distribution and functions of SCG3 make itself as not only one of the most useful biological markers in association with neuroendocrine functions, but also a potential indicator of diagnostic and prognostic evaluation in certain diseases.The gene and protein structures, tissue expression, biological functions as well as pathophysiology and clinical significance of SCG3 are reviewed in this article.     

基于仿人智能控制的长输管道新型退磁仪的智能化实现

对于年金的时间价值的研究,往往假定利率在整个期间内是固定不变的.但事实上,由于受到多种因素的影响,利率通常具有不确定性.因此,本文采用可逆MA(1)模型对随机利息力进行建模,在此基础上,研究了期末付虹式年金和期末付平顶虹式年金的时间价值问题,给出了上述两种形式年金现值的期望和方差的递推公式.通过数值仿真分析了相关参数对期末付虹式年金现值的期望值的影响,其结论对投资者的投资决策提供了参考依据.     

Effects of bFGF on brain edema,nerve function injury and autophagy related protein in rats with traumatic brain injury

AIM:To study the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on brain edema, nerve function damage and autophagy related proteins in rats with head injury. METHODS:The rat model of craniocerebral injury (CI) was constructed. The rats were divided into control group, CI group, and low-, middle-and high-dose bFGF groups (n=10). The CI model was established in CI group, while the rats in control group were not given epidural impact. The rats in low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose bFGF groups were given bFGF at 2, 4 and 6 μg, respectively, by intraperitoneal injection after 30 min. The neurological function in the rats was evaluated by improved neurological function scoring. The rat brain tissues were taken, and the water content was detected. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β in the brain tissue were measured by ELISA. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content was analyzed by thiobarbituric acid method. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was examined by WST-8 assay. The glutathine peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was detected by colorimetric method. The protein levels of autophagy related proteins LC3-Ⅱ and beclin-1 in the brain tissues were determined by Western blot. RESULTS:The neurological function score was increased significantly of the rats in CI group. The rat model of craniocerebral injury was successfully constructed. Neurological function scores in the rats in low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose bFGF groups were reduced, the water content of the brain tissue was also reduced (P<0.05). The levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1 β were decreased in the brain tissues (P<0.05), the content of MDA was declined (P<0.05), the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased (P<0.05), the protein levels of LC3-Ⅱ and beclin-1 were decreased, compared with the untreated rats in CI group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:bFGF improves the nerve function of the rats with craniocerebral injury, reduces the water content of the brain tissue, reduces the expression of autophagic protein LC3-Ⅱ and beclin-1.The mechanism is related to the inhibition of inflammatory reaction and oxidative damage.     

滇中蛹虫草居群生物学及其生态学习性研究

通过对滇中地区昆明西山、昆明野鸭湖、嵩明大哨和楚雄紫溪山分布的蛹虫草居群，进行调查和采样，调查分析了蛹虫草的生境，比较研究了蛹虫草不同居群有性型及无性型形态差异，对蛹虫草无性型的产孢结构进行光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察研究。研究发现，蛹虫草子囊壳着生方式及其大小、子囊大小、无性型，随生境不同而发生差异。在云南松常绿阔叶混交林下的子囊壳及子囊较大，分离得到的无性型以拟青霉型（Paecilomyces－type）产孢结构占优势；在华山松林和田埂草丛生境中的子囊壳及其子囊较小，分离得到的无性型以轮枝孢型（Verticillium－type）产孢结构占优势。     

华北地区旅游型村镇住居模式探讨——以保定涞源白石山景区为例

村镇型旅游发展中,旅游者在当地村民家中留宿,村镇的个性化接待和朴素环境让人们赞不绝口,但由于其自发性和无组织性,现在存在设计不得当,经营模式不健全等弊端.研究以河北省涞源县白石山景区为例,分析其存在的问题,旨在为旅游型住居模式的设计与经营提供更为合理的方法与策略.     

ET_0变化趋势分析及估算模型研究——以新乡站为例

【目的】参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)的估算是计算作物腾发量的基础,也是区域水资源评价与灌溉政策制定的前提,因此,研究ET_0变化趋势与估算模型能够对该地区农田灌溉用水预报提供基础支持,进而为灌溉制度的制定以及水资源高效利用提供科学依据。【方法】以河南新乡气象站1962―2016年气象资料为基础,运用Penman-Monteith模型计算ET_0序列,Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对年及季节尺度ET_0序列变化趋势进行分析,并用均值生成函数模型对其进行了拟合与验证。【结果】①新乡地区年尺度ET_0序列在1975―2016年间呈减小趋势,并在1985―2004年、2006年显著;②新乡地区春季ET_0序列在1982―1983年及1988―2003年间呈显著的减小趋势,夏季ET_0序列在1980―2012年间呈显著的减小趋势。③均值生成函数模型在对年尺度ET_0序列进行拟合时,其一致性系数达到0.83,绝对误差与相对误差分别在-120.8～120.0 mm及-14.0%～18.2%之间。④均值生成函数模型在对季节尺度ET_0序列进行拟合时,其一致性系数在春、夏、秋、冬各季节分别达到0.85、0.81、0.88及0.89,绝对误差分别在-60.2～64.3、-64.4～58.9、-39.6～32.8、-37.0～25.1 mm之间,相对误差分别在-20.1%～36.7%、-22.1%～32.1%、-18.0%～22.9%、-23.9%～24.6%之间。【结论】新乡地区年尺度ET_0序列在1985―2004年间显著减小,均值生成函数模型在对年及各季节尺度ET_0序列进行拟合时整体效果较好,因此,可通过其进行年及季节尺度ET_0序列的估算,且其在秋、冬二季的拟合效果明显好于春、夏二季。     

不同剂量25羟基维生素D3对断奶前犊牛血液生化指标、抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响

为研究不同剂量25羟基维生素D₃[25(OH)VD₃]对断奶前犊牛血液水平、抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响,选取18 头健康状况良好的新生荷斯坦犊牛,随机分成3 组,每组6 头进行为期56 天的饲养试验。分为对照组[不添加25(OH)VD₃]、低剂量组[25(OH)VD₃添加量6 000 IU/头·天]和高剂量组[25(OH)VD₃添加量12 000 IU/头·天]。结果表明,与对照组相比,随着25(OH)VD₃添加剂量增加,血浆生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子-1、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、总抗氧化能力以及免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著增加(P<0.05),而丙二醛含量随剂量增加而存在降低趋势(P=0.079)。与对照组和低剂量组相比,高剂量组血浆免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量有增加趋势(P=0.059)。综上所述,断奶前犊牛饲喂高剂量25(OH)VD₃有利于促进体内生长激素和胰岛素样生长因子-1分泌,可提高犊牛抗氧化能力,增强免疫功能。     

城市风景类风景名胜区建设模式初探——以广州白云山风景名胜区为例

结合对广州白云山风景名胜区规划和建设的调研和观察结果,从布局、功能、配套设施、生态结构4个方面加以分析,试图总结并归纳城市风景类风景名胜区规划建设的特点和内在规律,为相关风景区规划与建设提供参考。     

食用菌在京郊都市生态循环农业中的应用

食用菌产业主要利用农林业生产中的秸秆、枝杈等副产品,生产口味鲜美、营养丰富的食用菌,为农民创造了可观的经济收入;同时减少了秸秆的剩余量,降低了焚烧秸秆对环境的污染;食用菌采收后的菌渣还可生产出大量的有机肥,有利地促进了有机农业的发展。近年来,食用菌产业在京郊广泛推广,在工厂化栽培、农民散户栽培的基础上,依据北京地区气候特点,开展了反季节栽培、林下仿生栽培等各种新模式。着重介绍了食用菌产业在生态循环农业中的作用,目前京郊食用菌产业的基本情况,并以通州区、昌平区为例,介绍京郊食用菌工厂化栽培、反季节栽培与林下仿生栽培模式。