秸秆覆盖对冬小麦耗水特征及水分生产率的影响

2季冬小麦试验结果表明 ,秸秆覆盖具有减少土壤棵间无效蒸发的作用 ,冬小麦返青前 1 m土层贮水量在砂壤土条件下秸秆覆盖处理比无覆盖处理增加 2 %～ 2 5 .8% ,粘壤土条件下增加 2 %～ 1 4.5 %。返青前秸秆覆盖处理比无覆盖处理的日耗水量普遍小 ,返青后情况则相反。秸秆覆盖能够促进作物生长 ,与无覆盖相比 ,提高水分生产效率 4.6%～ 2 5 .2 %。     

冬小麦水分胁迫效应及节水高效灌溉指标体系

在冬小麦的各个生育期，水分胁迫均显著影响小麦矿质营养的吸收、干物质的累积及光合作用等过程，根据时各试验处理麦株个体、群体的生理、生态分析，确立冬小麦各生育期的节水灌溉指标体系。该体系除土壤含水量外，还包括根系湿润层厚度、细胞液浓度、叶水势、蒸腾强度、气孔导度和叶片N、P、K的浓度等指标。     

寒带无人值守机房冬季节能及补热方式

黑龙江冬季寒冷且时间长，各无人值守机房在冬季将消耗大量电能来取暖。由于无线移动基站很多，采取节能方式将降低运行成本。为此，介绍了一种节能和补偿热量方式，其实际应用效果显著。     

不同土壤水分条件下冬小麦根系分

利用2004～2005年冬小麦测坑试验资料，研究了不同土壤水分条件对冬小麦根系分布及其耗水特性的影响，并在此分析基础上，探讨了冬小麦适宜供水方案和土壤水分剖面最佳消耗形式，这对提高农田土壤水分有效利用率具有重要的意义。     

冬小麦节水高效优化灌溉制度模型应用研究

根据霍泉灌区田间试验资料,考虑水分亏缺的后效性,以冠层叶面积指数修正后的作物-水模型作为目标函数,建立二雏动态规划模型,计算冬小麦节水高效优化灌溉制度。结果显示,该模型充分反映了灌水时间、灌水定额和灌溉水量产生的冬小麦的产量效应,所建模型和参数确定较合理,在实践中更有实用性。     

早熟苦瓜新品种春研2号的选育

春研2号苦瓜是以强雌系A94为母本、自交系B8为父本育成的早熟苦瓜一代杂种,表现早熟、丰产、连续结果能力强、抗逆性强、品质优等优良特性。果实青白色,棒形,单果约重400g,粒瘤,富有光泽,苦味适中,口感脆嫩,外观商品性及风味品质佳。可露地早熟栽培或春季保护地栽培,一般产量60000～90000kg/hm2,前期产量、总产量、品质性状优于蓝山苦瓜。     

Excessive nitrogen application decreases grain yield and increases nitrogen loss in a wheat–soil system

Abstract

Excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in wheat fields has led to elevated NO₃-N concentrations in groundwater and reduced N use efficiency. Three-year field and ¹⁵N tracing experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of N application rates on N uptake from basal and topdressing ¹⁵N, N use efficiency, and grain yield in winter wheat plants; and determine the dynamics of N derived from both basal and topdressing ¹⁵N in soil in high-yielding fields. The results showed that 69.5–84.5% of N accumulated in wheat plants derived from soil, while 6.0–12.5%and 9.2–18.1% derived from basal ¹⁵N and top ¹⁵N fertilizer, respectively. The basal N fertilizer recovery averaged 33.9% in plants, residual averaged 59.2% in 0–200 cm depth soil; the topdressing N fertilizer recovery averaged 50.5% in plants, residual averaged 48.2% in 0–200 cm soil. More top ¹⁵N was accumulated in plants and more remained in 0–100 cm soil rather than in 100–200 cm soil at maturity, compared with the basal ¹⁵N. However, during the period from pre-sowing to pre-wintering, the soil nitrate moved down to deeper layers, and most accumulated in the layers below 140 cm. With an increase of N fertilizer rate, the proportion of the N derived from soil in plants decreased, but that derived from basal and topdressing fertilizer increased; the proportion of basal and top ¹⁵N recovery in plants decreased, and that of residual in soil increased. A moderate application rate of 96–168 kg N ha^?1 led to increases in nitrate content in 0–60 cm soil layer, N uptake amount, grain yield and apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N in wheat. Applying above 240 kg N ha^?1 promoted the downward movement of basal and top ¹⁵N and soil nitrate, but had no significant effect on N uptake amount; the excessive N application also obviously decreased the grain yield, N uptake efficiency, apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N, physiological efficiency and internal N use efficiency. It is suggested that the appropriate application rate of nitrogen on a high-yielding wheat field was 96–168 kg N ha^?1.     

五味子实生苗地下横走茎形态发生研究

对五味子实生苗地下横走茎的形态发生、发育过程进行了研究。结果表明:1 a生五味子子叶腋芽可发育为地下横走茎,但其发育较缓慢,在8月下旬至9月初才发育成地下横走茎,第1片真叶腋芽和第2片真叶腋芽当年均可以发育成地下横走茎;2 a生和多年生五味子植株基部的越冬芽都会发育成地下横走茎;无论是子叶腋芽还是越冬芽在转变初期与一般芽形态相似,但经过伸长生长后,其茎尖开始弯曲以适应地下生长。地下横走茎的发生部位较集中,常呈轮生状。较高节位芽的超显微结构与子叶叶芽存在较大差异,说明五味子的芽能否形成地下横走茎在其形成的早期可能就已经决定。     

底墒对旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响研究

针对甘肃陇东旱作雨养农业区的冬小麦产量低而不稳,水分利用效率低下,冬小麦夏季休闲期正值该区的降雨高峰期,降雨和无效蒸发同步且土壤保持水分不足的问题开展试验研究。通过夏季休闲期的地膜覆盖、集雨抑蒸,提高播前底墒,并对模拟底墒试验的产量、水分利用效率进行了研究分析得出:播前底墒对该区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率有显著的影响,通过提高底墒,对于稳定产量有较大贡献,提高生育期降水利用率,对提高产量有较大贡献。在分析多年研究资料的基础上,提出了该区冬小麦产量和播前土壤水分含量之间的模拟关系式以及冬小麦产量和生育期降雨量之间的模拟关系式。     

暖冬对漯河小麦生产的影响

本文利用漯河市召陵区姬石镇区域站大田物联网冬季温度、湿度、积温等的气象数据,分析了漯河麦区冬季变暖气象条件下对小麦播种时期、播种量、群体发育,个体发育、产量三要素、病虫害发生及危害的影响,提出了应对暖冬的栽培管理技术措施。