克里雅河流域沉积物的粒度特征

克里雅河流域由普鲁至米萨来,冲积沙粒径向细递减;沙丘沙一般粗于下伏沙,而冲、洪积下伏地层上的沙丘风成沙则细于下伏沙;高大沙丘粒级组合主要受就近沙源影响。用累计百分数和粒级的φ值作图,求得φ_1、φ_5、φ_(16)、φ_(25)、φ_(50)、φ_(75)、φ_(84)、φ_(95)等8个数值,输入计算机获得最大粒径、中值粒径、平均粒径(M_z)、标准离差(σ_1)、偏度(S_(K1))、峰态(K_G)等值。     

江河源区高寒草甸退化草地恢复与重建技术研究

通过对江河源区高寒草甸退化草地现状的调查研究,将这一地区的退化草地分为轻度、中度、重度和极度退化4类,对不同退化演替阶段的草地采取不同治理措施进行试验研究。最后提出了通过禁牧封育、毒杂草防除和草地施肥的措施进行轻度和中度退化草地的恢复改良。通过建植人工草地和半人工草地的手段恢复与重建重度和“黑土型”退化草地的技术方案。     

Organic Seed-treatment as a Substitute for Chemical Seed-treatment to Control Common Bunt of Wheat

Common bunt of wheat, caused by Tilletia laevis and T. tritici, is a major seed and soil-borne disease in West Asia and North Africa. The use of resistant cultivars and chemical seed-treatments are the current control measures used to combat this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate alternative control measures to chemical seed-treatments that are environmentally friendly to support cultivar resistance. Several organic nutrients [skimmed milk powder, hucket (local skimmed milk) and wheat flour] at a concentration of 160g per kg of seeds were used as seed-treatments on two susceptible bread and durum wheat cultivars (Bau and Sebou, respectively) to examine their effectiveness in controlling the disease. Field trials over four years showed that skimmed milk powder, hucket, and wheat flour reduced common bunt infection levels by 96%, 93% and 62%, respectively. In most cases, the effectiveness of the skimmed milk powder and hucket was equal to the chemical seed-treatment; thus, these organic nutrients offer an effective and environmentally safe alternative to chemical treatments. However, a study of their economic value as well as of their effect on seed germination, and field emergence is needed.     

洮儿河沿岸地区水利工程建设的生态水文影响初探

水利工程建设在获得社会经济利用的同时也对生态水文问题造成明显的负面影响,在干旱半干旱地区此类问题尤为显著。本文分别探讨了洮儿河沿岸地区三类水利工程即水库、防洪堤和灌渠对于流域生态水文的影响,主要体现在:(1)减少水库下游河流径流量,加重下游水资源短缺问题;严重影响下游沼泽湿地水文,导致湿地退化(2)灌渠建设使地下水位抬升,加重土壤次生盐渍化问题;(3)防洪堤修建改变湿地水质,增大其矿化度和碱度。     

Linking Land-use, Water Body Type and Water Quality in Southern New Zealand

Land-use and vegetation cover have been linked to the nutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorus) of surface waters in several countries. However, the links generally relate to streams and rivers, or to specific types of standing water, for example shallow lakes in a geologically defined region. We measured physical variables and nutrient chemistry of 45 water bodies representative of the wide range of lentic wetland environments (swamps, riverine wetlands, estuaries, reservoirs, shallow lakes, deep lakes) in Otago, New Zealand, and related these to catchment variables and land-use in order to assess the potential influence of catchment modification on water quality of these diverse wetlands. Catchment boundaries and land cover were derived from maps using ArcView GIS software. Our predictions that concentrations of nutrients and other components of water quality would correlate positively with the nature and intensity of catchment modification were confirmed in multivariate analyses. Physical and chemical measures were positively related to the extent of modification in the catchment (percentage of the catchment in pasture, planted forest, scrub and urban areas), and negatively related to lack of catchment modification (more of the catchment in bare ground, tussock grassland and indigenous forest). The strong negative correlations between nutrient concentrations, suspended sediment, water colour and the percentage of tussock cover in the catchment imply that increased conversion of the␣native tussock grassland to pastoral farming in␣Otago will increase nutrient concentrations and␣reduce water quality of the diverse lentic ecosystems.     

渭河下游水沙变化趋势分析

本文通过对近6年渭河下游水沙量数据的统计和分析得出,渭河下游河段年内多沙期较河流主汛期有所提前;年径流量和年输沙量的变化趋势基本一致,而且自60年代至2005年华县站的水沙量持续呈递减趋势;河流的冲淤情况与该河段的降雨量有着直接的关系,当年平均降雨量小的时候河流以淤积为主,当年平均降雨量大的时候河流以冲蚀为主。针对这些特征,分析了渭河下游目前存在的主要问题。     

渭干河——库车河三角洲绿洲的水资源问题与农业节水潜力分析

建立节水型社会是我国的一项基本政策,也是解决渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲水资源问题可持续利用的战略选择。渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲水资源开发利用中存在的问题:主要由于社会、经济的发展及不合理的用水导致水资源短缺、水资源过度开发,水资源利用效率低、生态环境恶化等。渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲是典型的灌溉农业区,农业灌溉大部分仍采用粗放型的宽河大渠输水、田间大水漫灌方式,灌溉定额普遍偏高,农业节水潜力很大。本文重点定量分析了该绿洲农业用水效益、农业节水潜力,建议农业节水的途径及节水灌溉技术应从骨干工程改造节水、中低产田改造节水、降低地下水位节水、改造作物灌溉制度节水、加强管理节水等几个方面进行。最后提出渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲水资源可持续利用的对策措施。     

塔里木盆地沙漠化防治措施及其效益

土地沙漠化是干旱,半干旱地区普遍存在的一个重大环境问题。塔里木盆地是我国沙漠化危害最严重的地区之一,但干旱多风的自然条件引起的沙漠化,仅占现代沙漠化面积的１５．１３％,说明沙漠化土地是可以治理的,本文概述了农田林网,林网内农林复合经营,防沙林带,灌草带,造林固沙等沙漠化防治措施及其效果。     

准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠鼠类的微栖息地选择

依据地形及其内植被组成特征,划分出５种微栖息地类型。通过在不同物候期的观测表明,４种共存的鼠种间存在着明显的微栖息地分离。二足型跳鼠选择在开阔的空间活动四足型沙鼠则主要在多年生灌丛下取食。二种类型的鼠类微栖息地选择都不同程度地与同的多年生灌木     

柴达木盆地主要河流的水化学特征

为了保护水资源,不仅需要了解人为引起的水质污染状况,而且需要研究河流水体在自然界的循环过程中所形成的水化学特征及其时空变化。本文对柴达木盆地主要河流的水化学特征进行了分析、研究,对水质状况进行了评价。