黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

黄土丘陵区生物结皮广泛发育,可影响土壤磷素有效性。目前鲜见生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性的研究报道。本文以该区不同年限退耕地的生物结皮为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了生物结皮对土壤全磷、有效磷及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,1）生物结皮的形成可显著提高结皮层土壤全磷含量,而下层(010 cm)全磷含量差异不显著; 2）生物结皮的形成可显著提高结皮层土壤有效磷含量,研究区生物结皮层土壤有效磷含量为3.27~5.87 mg/kg,占到同层土壤全磷含量的0.57%~0.95%,生物结皮层磷酸酶活性高于下层(010 cm) 381倍; 3）生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响与生物结皮发育阶段有关; 4）生物结皮主要通过提高结皮层土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和有机质含量,降低土壤pH,进而提高了土壤磷素有效性。本文研究结果表明,生物结皮的形成有助于提高黄土丘陵区退耕地土壤磷素有效性。     

油蒿、羊柴和花棒下生物结皮阻水特性分析——以宁夏盐池县为例

生物结皮作为沙丘固定的明显标志,影响着沙土水分的变化特征,生物结皮的研究对我国荒漠化地区植被的合理配置、稳定性有着重要的意义。实验于2010年7月中旬进行,以宁夏盐池县沙泉湾生态实验站为实验地,采用随机取样的方法,布设16块样地,在样地内进行植被调查,测量植被和生物结皮盖度、生物结皮厚度以及植被高度和冠幅,运用人工降雨的方法,对油蒿、羊柴和花棒下方生物结皮阻水特性进行比较。结果表明：不同植被覆盖下生物结皮厚度表现为：花棒〉羊柴〉油蒿。在有植被条件下和在裸地条件下,以及在油蒿、羊柴和花棒下方生物结皮阻水特性表现为：花棒〉羊柴〉裸地〉油蒿。通过对不同植被覆盖下生物结皮阻水特性的研究,总结出生物结皮阻水特性的规律,对当地植被的恢复、营造,以及合理放牧都有重要影响。     

基于模拟降雨的土壤表土结皮特征及坡面侵蚀响应

土壤表土结皮对坡面侵蚀过程具有重要影响,利用模拟降雨条件下土壤贯入和产流产沙试验,对不同降雨场次紫色土和黄壤表土结皮特征及坡面侵蚀响应进行研究。结果表明：（1）PT型贯入仪测定的贯入数值（P）与含水率（θ）成标准指数函数关系。（2）不同降雨场次表土结皮存在＂无结皮→弱结皮→强结皮→弱结皮→新结皮＂的动态发育过程,相同降雨条件下黄壤表土结皮强度大于紫色土的。（3）持续降雨过程不同降雨场次土壤表土结皮对溅蚀影响不明显,而与产流存在显著的动态响应关系,结皮强度越大产流量也越大,结皮对产流的影响随着降雨进行而有增大趋势,黄壤表土结皮的径流增加量大于紫色土的,而紫色土坡面结皮对产流量变化敏感程度大于黄壤。不同场次降雨过程土壤表土结皮对坡面侵蚀产沙影响存在差异,前4场降雨表土结皮强度与坡面侵蚀产沙有相同的变化趋势,4次降雨后土壤表土结皮表现为对坡面侵蚀有抑制作用。     

鄂尔多斯地区沙漠生物结皮特征研究

本文对鄂尔多斯沙漠生物结皮作用进行了初步研究,结果表明结皮层的机械组成以细沙和粗粉沙为主,而流沙以粗沙和细沙为主;生物结皮层影响降水的再分配作用,并影响入渗水的蒸发规律;生物结皮层具有较好的保水特性和养分富集作用。     

肥力提升措施对林地红壤生物结皮层微生物群落结构的影响

微生物在土壤生物结皮形成中起重要作用,但是目前对于南方红壤生物结皮层中微生物群落的研究鲜少涉及,尤其是在林地改良措施下红壤结皮层中微生物群落结构的变化尚不清楚。本研究以中亚热带典型第四纪红黏土严重侵蚀湿地松裸露林地为对照,添加有机肥、生物炭和石灰+微生物肥料为肥力提升措施,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术研究不同肥力提升措施对红壤生物结皮层细菌和真菌群落结构的影响。结果表明：该林地土壤生物结皮层共检测出21个细菌门和7个真菌门,优势细菌门为酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）(27.39%)、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）(25.90%)、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）(16.68%)和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）(12.26%);优势真菌门为担子菌门（61.19%）和子囊菌门（29.48%）;肥力提升措施对细菌和真菌多样性无显著影响,却显著改变了其群落结构,作用大小依次为有机肥处理、生物炭处理、石灰+微生物肥料处理,且对细菌群落结构的影响高于真菌;三种措施均明显提高了变形菌门（Proteobacteria）细菌的相对丰度,降低了绿弯菌门（Ch...     

CARBON FIXATION OF CYANOBACTERIAL–ALGAL CRUSTS AFTER DESERT FIXATION AND ITS IMPLICATION TO SOIL ORGANIC CARBON ACCUMULATION IN DESERT

Enhanced carbon fixation in soil crusts may facilitate the restoration of damaged ecosystems, but this requires greater knowledge of carbon fixation patterns and mechanisms. We measured the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) and estimated annual carbon fixation (ACF) in cyanobacterial–algal crusts after desert fixation in the Tengger Desert, northwestern China. The accumulated carbon fixation since the establishment of a restoration site was also calculated. In addition, stepwise regression analysis was used to study the relation between P_n and ACF and the physicochemical properties of crusts. Results showed that P_n was significantly higher at a more established 51‐year‐old restoration site (1·57 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) than at a younger 15‐year‐old site (0·92 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹). The ACF also increased significantly with restoration time, but in two temporal phases, a slower ACF phase between 15 and 26 years of restoration (0·28–0·7 gC m⁻² y⁻¹) and a high ACF phase after 43–51 years of restoration (3·3 gC m⁻² y⁻¹). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that P_n was significantly correlated with chlorophyll a and crust cover, whereas ACF was only correlated with crust cover. Accumulated carbon fixation increased from 2·9 gC m⁻² after 15 years to 35·4 gC m⁻² at 51 years following establishment of the restoration site. The accumulated carbon fixation was positively correlated with soil organic carbon content. This study demonstrated that carbon fixation by cyanobacterial–algal crusts increased progressively after desert fixation. Artificial measures, like the establishment of these restoration zones, can facilitate the colonization and development of biological soil crusts and are an effective biological tool for desert soil restoration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

保水剂与木质素结皮相结合对沙化土地植被恢复的调控机理

[目的] 阐明施用保水剂与木质素结皮结合的恢复措施对沙地植被的调控机制,为荒漠草原沙地植被恢复提供理论依据。[方法] 在内蒙古自治区乌拉特荒漠草原设置试验样地。试验处理包括对照和恢复措施（保水剂与木质素结皮结合）两个处理。测定了植物地上生物量、盖度、土壤含水量、土壤团聚体比例、土壤入渗速率、稳渗速率、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量。[结果] ①恢复措施显著提高了植物地上生物量和盖度;②恢复措施提高了水稳性大团聚体比例、入渗速率和稳渗速率,降低了微团聚体的比例,从而显著提高了土壤含水量;③恢复措施显著提高了土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量。[结论] 恢复措施提高了土壤含水量和养分含量,提高了沙地植被生产力,从而促进了沙地植被的恢复。     

生物质结皮制剂在民勤流动沙区恢复植被的作用

利用矿物质材料和生物高分子材料的环境友好和吸湿保水的特性制作形成结皮,对立地条件极端恶劣的流动沙丘进行植被恢复.首先将草籽(黄蒿籽)撒播于目的沙丘表面,然后将与砂土混匀的结皮制剂均匀地撒在沙地表面,最后,洒木质素液使结皮凝固并用围栏封育试验区.通过调查结皮制剂施用后沙丘植物的种类、覆盖度、生长状况等植被恢复指标,分析了生物质结皮制剂在流动沙区植被恢复的效果.研究结果表明:结皮封育区内大量草籽萌发,达1000颗/m2;结皮区植物物种丰富度为13,对照区仅为2,物种多样性和均匀度指数也高于对照区,分别为1.57(Shannon-Weaver index H)、0.41(Simpson index D)和0.81(Pielou index),对照区则分别为0.47、0.40和0.68;结皮区植物生长期较对照延长,2010年早春提前10 d萌发,深秋枯黄延迟约20 d;结皮区植物在干旱季节亦可生长存活;2010年9月,结皮区沙丘植被盖度可达38%,对照区植被盖度仅为4%.研究结果表明该制剂可能在寒区旱区困难立地条件下的植被恢复工作中具有较大的潜在应用价值.     

Characterization of intracellular and extracellular saxitoxin levels in both field and cultured Alexandrium spp. samples from Sequim Bay, Washington

Traditionally, harmful algal bloom studies have primarily focused on quantifying toxin levels contained within the phytoplankton cells of interest. In the case of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs), intracellular toxin levels and the effects of dietary consumption of toxic cells by planktivores have been well documented. However, little information is available regarding the levels of extracellular PSTs that may leak or be released into seawater from toxic cells during blooms. In order to fully evaluate the risks of harmful algal bloom toxins in the marine food web, it is necessary to understand all potential routes of exposure. In the present study, extracellular and intracellular PST levels were measured in field seawater samples (collected weekly from June to October 2004–2007) and in Alexandrium spp. culture samples isolated from Sequim Bay, Washington. Measurable levels of intra- and extra-cellular toxins were detected in both field and culture samples via receptor binding assay (RBA) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Characterization of the PST toxin profile in the Sequim Bay isolates by pre-column oxidation and HPLC-fluorescence detection revealed that gonyautoxin 1 and 4 made up 65 ± 9.7 % of the total PSTs present. Collectively, these data confirm that extracellular PSTs are present during blooms of Alexandrium spp. in the Sequim Bay region.     

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Treatment,Prevention and Management

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is the most frequently reported seafood-toxin illness in the world, and it causes substantial physical and functional impact. It produces a myriad of gastrointestinal, neurologic and/or cardiovascular symptoms which last days to weeks, or even months. Although there are reports of symptom amelioration with some interventions (e.g. IV mannitol), the appropriate treatment for CFP remains unclear to many physicians. We review the literature on the treatments for CFP, including randomized controlled studies and anecdotal reports. The article is intended to clarify treatment options, and provide information about management and prevention of CFP, for emergency room physicians, poison control information providers, other health care providers, and patients.