牙鲆3个养殖群体遗传结构的微卫星分析

采用微卫星标记分析技术,用5个多态性的微卫星标记对来自3个不同国家（中国、日本和韩国）的牙鲆养殖群体进行了遗传多样性研究。研究结果表明,3个牙鲆群体平均等位基因在4．8～5．6之间,平均观测杂合度（H0）在0．3917～0．5643之间,平均期望杂合度（HE）在0．5981～0．6264之间。有多个位点在不同的群体中偏离哈代-温伯格平衡。遗传距离分析表明,中国群体与日本群体遗传距离最近,韩国群体与日本群体遗传距离最远。分子方差分析（AMOVA）表明,群体内遗传变异与群体间遗传变异分别占总遗传变异的92．44％和7．56％,固定系数（R）为0．0752（P〈0．001）,表明牙鲆3个养殖群体遗传分化显著。     

合浦珠母贝3个养殖群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

采用微卫星分子标记对我国广东大亚湾、广西北海、海南三亚的合浦珠母贝养殖群体进行了遗传多样性分析.从49对引物中筛选出31对有效扩增引物,种群扩增获得9个多态位点,多态位点比例为29.03%.它们在3个群体共96个个体中产生了44个等位基因,平均每个位点产生4.889个.3个群体的平均期望杂合度分别为0.590、0.600、0.615;平均观察杂合度分别是0.393、0.425、0.325;平均多态信息含量PIC值分别是0.530、0.551、0.556.表明3个群体的遗传多样性处于较高水平.平均遗传偏离指数分别为-0.324、-0.336、-0.304;哈代-温伯格平衡检测发现,3个群体27个位点中21个位点偏离平衡状态.遗传分化和遗传距离分析表明,海南群体与广东群体之间的亲缘关系较近,而与广西群体的亲缘关系较远.     

半干旱黄土高原生物结皮处理下集水造林的初步研究(英文)

集水措施是干旱半干旱地区解决因降雨少且季节间分配不均带来的水资源短缺的主要措施之一,有关微集水区防渗处理材料及其防渗效果的研究也已广泛开展。本文通过5 年(1992-1996)的野外试验对半干旱黄土高原微集水系统生物结皮覆盖对造林的影响进行了研究。结果表明,结皮接种3 年后,集水区表面大部分为结皮所覆盖,其集水功能已经部分地表现出来。在春季3 个典型时段内浅层土壤含水量与对照相比显著提高(0.05 水平),1m 土层内春季月均含水量均比对照提高了0.9%–6.04%。同时在研究期末(1996 年)结皮处理的样地内树木个体的树高(H)、胸径(DBH)和地径(DGL)均较对照有显著提高(0.05 水平),提高幅度分别为22.38%、17.34%和20.49%。作为一种生物防渗材料,生物结皮具有无污染、自我繁殖、使用期长和投入小等特点,因此很可以作为西部大开发中植被恢复的主要集水材料,进一步的工作应放在干旱环境下当地适宜结皮种类的选择及其快速繁殖技术上。     

Functional Feeds to Tackle Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) Stress: Physiological Responses under Acute Stressful Handling Conditions

Marine algae are recognised sources of bioactive compounds that have attracted great interest as nutritional supplements for aquaculture fish. Intensive rearing conditions often expose fish to husbandry-related stressors, rendering fish more susceptible to disease and reducing production yields. The present work evaluated the potential of two marine algae extracts (Fucus vesiculosus and Nannochloropsis gaditana) as nutritional supplements to mitigate stress effects in meagre (Argyrosomus regius) exposed to an acute handling stress (AS). A plant-based diet was used as a control, and three other diets were prepared, which were similar to the control diet but supplemented with 1% of each algal extract or a combination of the two extracts (0.5% each). The effects of supplemented diets on stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzyme activities, and immune response were analysed in fish exposed to AS after 4 weeks of feeding. Supplemented diets did not affect growth performance but the inclusion of F. vesiculosus promoted higher feed efficiency, as compared to the control group. Dietary algal extracts supplementation reduced plasma glucose levels, increased white blood cell counts, and reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes when compared with the control. N. gaditana supplementation led to a reduction in hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity and glutathione levels, while F. vesiculosus supplementation increased muscle glutathione reductase activity and reduced lipid peroxidation. These findings support the potential of algal extracts as nutraceuticals in aquafeeds to enhance the ability of fish to cope with husbandry-related stressful conditions and ultimately improve fish health and welfare.     

Algal and Cyanobacterial Lectins and Their Antimicrobial Properties

Lectins are proteins with a remarkably high affinity and specificity for carbohydrates. Many organisms naturally produce them, including animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea, and viruses. The present report focuses on lectins produced by marine or freshwater organisms, in particular algae and cyanobacteria. We explore their structure, function, classification, and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, we look at the expression of lectins in heterologous systems and the current research on the preclinical and clinical evaluation of these fascinating molecules. The further development of these molecules might positively impact human health, particularly the prevention or treatment of diseases caused by pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus, influenza, and severe acute respiratory coronaviruses, among others.     

藻类水华的生物控制措施

藻类水华会释放大量毒素和有害物质,造成水生生物的大量死亡,给渔业生态环境带来严重危害。生物控制措施可以在一定程度上降低水体富营养化程度和控制藻类的过度繁殖,防止有害藻类大量爆发。主要生物控制作用包括,一方面促进水体生态系统的物质循环和能量流动,加速营养元素沉降或脱离水生生态系统;另一方面限制或抑制水华藻类的生长,使水体生态系统处于稳定的动态平衡。     

野生与人工养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼微量元素组成的差异比较

分析了野生与人工养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼肝脏、背肌及卵中硒、铁、锰、铜、铬、镉和铅等微量元素的含量。结果表明,野生褐牙鲆亲鱼肝脏中硒、铁含量均显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),铜含量则显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),其他各元素间均未见显著差异(P>0.05);野生褐牙鲆亲鱼背肌中除硒和锰的含量显著高于养殖亲鱼外(P<0.05),其他各元素含量均基本保持恒定(P>0.05);野生褐牙鲆亲鱼卵中硒、铁和锰的含量均显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),其中硒的含量约为养殖亲鱼的1.7倍,铁的含量约为养殖亲鱼的2.0倍,而锰含量则为养殖亲鱼的2.8倍。养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼卵中镉含量与野生亲鱼相比高出78%(P<0.05)。两种亲鱼卵中铜、镉、铅3种重金属含量均未见显著差异(P>0.05)。     

水生态环境中不同建材基质附着藻类的生物学特征

[目的]开展不同附着藻类生物学特征的试验,分析水质指标与藻类生物学特征的关系,为筛选科学合理的附着基质,丰富附着藻类着生提供科学支持。[方法]通过模拟试验,分析3种不同建材基质(花岗岩、聚乙烯网、木板)附着藻类的生物学特征,筛选出效果好且易于资源化利用的附着基质类型。[结果]花岗岩和木板基质的附着藻类群落更加稳定,生物学特征更优,功能性藻类种类更多,更有利于发挥附着藻类在水环境中的生态效应。[结论]综合考虑可利用程度和操作的难易程度,花岗岩基质是3种基质中最合适的基质。     

一体化秸秆沼气发酵反应器设计

针对秸秆沼气发酵过程中存在的秸秆亲水性差、易结壳及进出料难等问题,设计了秸秆沼气发酵反应器。反应器采用两相分离发酵一体化结构,通过沼液循环回流,使秸秆始终处在高水分区域环境,营造良好的厌氧微生物的生存环境,同时在固液两相分离和沼液回流过程中使秸秆在反应器内形成上下流动的状态,从而达到自动搅拌和秸秆破壳功能。另外,在进料口处设置预处理罐,对进料口进行水封,并对物料进行预处理。该反应器结构简单、运行稳定、操作方便、节省动力,实现了预处理、自动破壳及两相一体化秸秆高效发酵沼气的功能,对促进秸秆综合利用、带动秸秆沼气工程的推广具有重要意义。