Evaluation of land surface radiation balance derived from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) over complex terrain and heterogeneous landscape on clear sky days

Many studies on land surface radiation balances have relied on geostationary satellites. These satellites have provided data with high temporal resolution (less than 3 h); however, the spatial resolution was too coarse (20–250 km scale) to investigate local-scale land surface radiation balances. Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) – onboard both the Terra and Aqua satellites – yields a tradeoff with regard to this problem by providing higher spatial resolution (1 km scale) and sensing all over the earth nearly twice a day during daytime; this provides a potential tool for the periodical monitoring of the land surface energy balance. The reliability of MODIS-derived estimates is, however, affected by the presence of multiple error sources, such as those related to heterogeneous land cover and complex topography. In this study, we have used atmospheric (5 and 10 km scale) and land (1 km scale) products obtained from both the Terra and Aqua MODIS devices as inputs in order to estimate the radiation components (1 km scale) under clear daytime conditions over a heterogeneous farmland area and a rugged deciduous forest in the Korea Flux Network (KoFlux). The reliability of these estimates and the associated errors were evaluated by comparing against field measurements taken for 41 and 26 clear days with regard to the farmland and forest sites, respectively. Solar radiation was successfully retrieved with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 20 W m⁻² for both the Terra and Aqua devices over the flat farmland site, whereas the rugged forest site exhibited corresponding values of 40 and 65 W m⁻² RMSE values with consistent positive biases (presumably caused by topographic effects). The RMSE values of the downward longwave radiation were 20 W m⁻² for both the Terra and Aqua devices for both these sites. The sensitivities of the upward components of the shortwave and longwave radiations varied with the RMSE values to the scale of the spatial heterogeneity of both the sites. Consequently, the RMSE values of the net radiation ranged from 33 to 61 W m⁻² for both the devices at both the sites. Our results suggest that the scales of the patch mosaics within the landscapes need to be quantified for proper retrieval of the MODIS-derived radiation products. More extensive validation efforts are required to identify and account for major error sources across diverse land surface conditions.     

芽孢杆菌组合CL-8发酵条件优化及其防病效能研究（简报）

为了使生防菌Bacillus sp.组合CL-8发酵水平达到最佳效果,为其工业化发酵生产和田间应用提供参考,通过单因素实验和正交实验,确定了Bacillus sp.组合CL-8最佳发酵培养基和最佳发酵条件.最佳发酵培养基为:玉米粉10g/L、豆粕10g/L、蜂蜜5 g/L、氯化钠5g/L、碳酸钠2 g/L、磷酸氧二钾2 g/L、硫酸镁0.2 g/L、碳酸钙1 g/L、硫酸锰0.1 g/L、氯化铁0.1 g/L;最佳发酵条件为:二个单一拮抗菌株Bacillus sp.SL-13、SL-14和SL-44最佳接种比例为2:1:2,培养基初始pH值为7.0.组合CL-8发酵液对加工番茄种子浸种后可提高加工番茄的防病效果,达到55.53%,明显高于三株单一菌浸种后的效果.     

Response of Fungal Community and Function to Different Tillage and Straw Returning Methods

【Objective】 This study was conducted to explore the change of fungal community structure and function response to different tillage and straw returning methods in wheat-maize rotation system in the North China Plain. It aimed to clarify the biological mechanism of soil fertility improvement, which provided a theoretical support for sustainable development for agricultural production. 【Method】 A six-year field study with split plot design was conducted to investigate the effects of different soil tillage methods (no tillage, CT; deep tillage, DT; rotation tillage, ST) and straw returning methods (wheat and maize straws were returned to the field, DS; only wheat straw was returned to the field, SS) on changes of fungal community structure and function in soils from wheat-maize rotation system in the North China Plain. In combination with soil properties, multiple regression trees and correlation analysis was carried out to investigate driving factors of fungal community structure and function in soil．【Result】 The results showed that, compared with NT, soil organic carbon content under DS and SS were reduced by 35.04% and 44.30% in 0-10 cm layer, respectively. The available nitrogen of NT under SS treatment was significantly lower than that under other treatments in 10-20 cm layer. Ascomycetes (68.98%), Basidiomycetes (16.96%) and Chytridiomycetes (1.62%) were the dominant fungus in 0-10 cm layer, while Ascomycetes (68.44%), Basidiomycetes (15.52%), Chytridiomycetes (1.51%) and Coccidiomycetes (1.23%) were the dominant fungus in 10-20 cm layer. The different tillage and straw returning methods changed soil fungal community structure. Specifically, the relative abundance of Basidiomycota in DS increased 50.07% and 29.08% respectively in 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers than that of SS. The multiple regression trees showed that soil fungal communities were divided into soil organic carbon nodes with a threshold of 11.17 mg·kg ^-1 in 0-10 cm layer, additionally, the soil fungi community were divided into available nitrogen nodes with a threshold of 6.52 mg·kg ^-1 in 10-20 cm layer. In this study, Pathotroph was mainly function type of soil fungi in 0-10 cm (26.84%) and 10-20 cm (23.91%) layers in wheat-maize rotation in the North China Plain. Compared with NT, Pathotroph relative abundance under DT and RT treatments were reduced by 25.16% and 16.45%, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that Pathotroph relative abundance were positively correlated with soil total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium. 【Conclusion】 In general, our results indicated that different tillage and straw returning methods changed soil fungal community structure and relative abundance of functional groups. The content of soil organic carbon and available nitrogen were the driving factors shaped the fungal community structure. Besides, DT could reduce Pathotroph relative abundance, which was conducive to maintaining the soil ecosystem health.     

超声波-酶法提取油茶多酚的工艺研究

试验采用超声波-酶法提取油茶粕中的多酚,以多酚得率为指标,考察加酶比、料液比、乙醇浓度、温度、时间对油茶多酚得率的影响,在单因素试验结果的基础上,通过三因素三水平响应面分析法对油茶多酚的提取条件做进一步的优化。通过优化所得的最佳提取工艺条件为:加酶比1∶2、料液比1∶23(g/mL)、乙醇浓度55%、温度50℃、时间0.85h,在此条件下多酚得率18.94mg/g。与理论值相比偏差较小,相对误差2%,表明该模型是合理的,可以用来作为油茶多酚提取的最佳工艺条件。     

改性再生油合成可降解材料制备缓释肥的技术参数研究

【目的】回收油提纯后直接合成的生物基聚氨酯(PUs),耐湿耐热性能较差,不适宜于用作肥料缓释包膜材料。本文在聚氨酯合成过程中引入能提高产品的机械、耐水、抗老化等性能的γ―氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)对PUs进行改性,并初步测定了该包膜肥料养分的释放特征。【方法】回收的食用油和反复使用的炸油来自贵州省毕节市的餐馆。依次用磷酸、蒸馏水、NaOH、NaCl清洗提纯后得到再生油。将制得的再生油与过氧乙酸按质量比1∶0.3混合,经过中和、洗涤、蒸馏,与乙二醇反应生成醇化再生油。将醇化再生油与KH550在80℃下按一定比例混合搅拌2 h,制成含KH550分别为0、10%、20%和30%的醇化再生油混合物。在BYC-300型包衣机中加入150 g尿素(包衣温度为60℃,转速为1300 r/min),按尿素重量的3%加入上述混合物,再滴加MDI-50进行包衣,即制备得KH550改性聚氨酯(K-PUs)包膜尿素(PCUs-0、PCUs-1、PCUs-2、PCUs-3)。参考Oertli等方法测定了该包膜肥料的缓释性能。【结果】1)回收油经过多步提纯后得到的再生油仍保持原油的分子结构,含有官能团碳碳双键。2)再生油经过预改性后明显增加活性基团羟基,为聚氨酯的合成提供反应基团。3)通过化学反应将再生油合成为新型生物基聚氨酯,并在聚氨酯合成过程中成功引入硅烷偶联剂KH550,从而得到改性PUs包膜材料。4) KH550的存在使得改性后PUs的疏水性相比于未改性的提高了48%~74%;孔隙率相比于未改性前降低了31%~54%;热稳定性相比于未改性的PUs在T5%提高了3%~11%、T50%提高了6%~32%、T80%提高了4%~11%。氮素模拟试验表明PCUs氮的累积释放速率明显降低。改性后的PCUs氮素在第30天累积释放不超过70%,未改性PCUs氮素在第30天累积释放超过90%。5)当KH550含量为20%时,改性PUs具有最大的接触角和最低的孔隙率,其值分别为113.31°和10.91%,该条件下制备的PCUs综合性能最佳。【结论】以回收油为原料合成新型生物基聚氨酯,需进行醇化后,再与硅烷偶联剂混合,并加入MDI-50进行反应,形成KH550含量为20%的改性生物基聚氨酯。以该材料包膜的尿素30天氮素累积释放量不超过70%,可以满足可降解缓释肥的要求。     

9种叶面处理剂对春油菜产量的影响及对其病害的防效

针对春油菜病害防控及产量提升,选择阿泰灵、禾奇正等9种不同叶面处理剂,分别在春油菜蕾薹期、初花期、花荚期喷施1次,综合春油菜生理指标、产量、病害防效分析,结果表明,禾奇正、阿泰灵和芸苔素内酯可降低春油菜株高、增加春油菜茎粗、提高春油菜产量,增产率分别为12.42%、8.48%和6.54%,并对春油菜白粉病和菌核病有显著的防控效果,对白粉病的防效为31.15%～51.04%,对菌核病的防效为27.96%～41.14%。     

Analysis of fungal endophytes in Scottish Sitka spruce plantations shows extensive infections,novel host partners and gives insights into origins

This preliminary study identified the fungal endophytes of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in four Scottish plantations, analysed their recruitment possibilities and community structure across the sites, and identified the possible origins of the endophytes in this non‐native host. Although Sitka spruce is native to north‐western North America, it comprises a huge portion of Scottish forestry and is an economically vital timber tree. Needles from two age classes were collected and cultured for emerging endophyte isolates. Using a combination of morphological features and genetic sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions of representative morphological types, 57 morphotypes were recorded which represented at least 15 different species, including a hypothesized sister species to the pathogen of Pseudotsuga menziesii in North America and Europe, Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii (previously P. gaeumannii) that was present at all sites tested. Diversity, recruitment, site, needle age and needle part effects are discussed. The phylogeny of Nothophaeocryptopus based on analysis of combined ITS and Tub2 sequence data is given in order to assess the relationship of the unknown endophyte to the Douglas fir pathogen N. gaeumannii.     

施加微生物菌剂对马铃薯根际土壤细菌多样性的影响

为了从土壤微生物生态学的角度阐述微生物菌剂对马铃薯根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响,采用高通量测序技术对细菌16S rRNA V3⁺V4区序列进行测序分析,以不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（F）作为对照,研究T1（化肥⁺颗粒菌剂75 kg·hm^-2）、T2（化肥⁺颗粒菌剂150 kg·hm^-2）、T3（化肥⁺颗粒菌剂225 kg·hm^-2）、T4（化肥⁺颗粒菌剂300 kg·hm^-2）处理下根际土壤细菌群落多样性。结果表明,与F相比,T2可以显著提高土壤细菌OTU数量、Chao1指数和ACE指数。门水平上,与CK、F相比,T4酸杆菌门分别降低33.24%、29.33%,芽单胞菌门分别降低25.16%、21.01%。纲水平上,与CK相比,T4 γ-变形菌纲和拟杆菌纲相对丰度分别显著增加32.04%、59.73%,T3和T4放线菌纲相对丰度分别显著增加129.11%、 169.68%,T4芽单胞菌纲、母链菌纲相对丰度分别显著降低26.91%、38.1%;与F相比,T3和T4酸微菌纲相对丰度分别显著降低21.38%、24.04%,而放线菌纲相对丰度分别显著提高59.48%、 87.72%,T2、T3和T4拟杆菌纲相对丰度分别显著增加74.19%、73.52%、124.49%。说明施用微生物菌剂显著提高土壤细菌的丰富度,改善菌群结构,增加有益菌的丰度,进而改善马铃薯土壤微环境。     

溶磷真菌的筛选及配施难溶态磷对土壤磷素有效性的影响

为研究溶磷真菌菌群对土壤磷素有效性的影响,首先在室内对3株不同种类溶磷真菌(1株属于被孢霉属Z1,1株为青霉属Z2,1株为黑曲霉Z3)的组合效应进行了研究,确定了最佳的菌株组合Z1+Z2+Z3,试验选用Z1、Z2、Z3组成菌群作为试验菌株;然后通过盆栽油菜试验研究溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷(磷酸三钙和磷矿粉)对土壤磷素有效性的影响。结果表明:溶磷真菌处理土壤有效磷、有机质、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶含量和油菜产量分别比基质处理显著增加了60.00%,20.21%,56.45%,53.81%,14.38%,溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷上述各指标都高于单施溶磷真菌处理;单施溶磷真菌对土壤最大吸磷量的影响与基质无差异,溶磷真菌配施难溶态磷可以显著降低土壤最大吸磷量,溶磷真菌+磷酸三钙和溶磷真菌+磷矿粉处理土壤最大吸磷量比溶磷真菌处理显著减少158.7,47.6 mg/kg,溶磷真菌各处理土壤吸附常数都低于对应的基质处理,溶磷真菌可以降低土壤对磷的吸附。在土壤上溶磷真菌应与难溶态磷配合施用,对提高土壤磷素有效性有积极的作用。     

生防细菌对松材线虫灭杀效果初步研究

为了寻找高效低毒且对环境友好的松材线虫病生防菌株,本研究测定了10株对根结线虫有较好防治效果的生防菌对松材线虫的室内灭杀作用,并且选取杀虫活性最好的菌株A4做了其发酵乙醇抽提物对松材线虫LC50值的测定和林间防治效果的测定。结果表明:10株生防菌株的发酵原液对松材线虫都有较好的杀虫效果,其中A4更是在将发酵液稀释10倍之后仍然具有大于50%的杀虫活性,表明该菌株具有较大的生防潜力;室内毒力测定显示菌株A4的发酵抽提物对松材线虫处理24 h的LC50值为0.291 mg/mL;林间防效实验表明菌株A4的发酵抽提物能够显著降低松树枯死率。